Combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with focus on the subfamily Entedoninae

Abstract

A new combined molecular and morphological phylogeny of the Eulophidae is presented with special reference to the subfamily Entedoninae. We examined 28S D2–D5 and CO1 gene regions with parsimony and partitioned Bayesian analyses, and examined the impact of a small set of historically recognized morphological characters on combined analyses. Eulophidae was strongly supported as monophyletic only after exclusion of the enigmatic genus Trisecodes. The subfamilies Eulophinae, Entiinae (=Euderinae) and Tetrastichinae were consistently supported as monophyletic, but Entedoninae was monophyletic only in combined analyses. Six contiguous bases in the 3e′ subregion of the 28S D2 rDNA contributed to placement of nominal subgenus of Closterocerus outside Entedoninae. In all cases, Euderomphalini was excluded from Entiinae, and we suggest that it be retained in Entedoninae. Opheliminae n. stat. is raised from tribe to subfamily status. Trisecodes is removed from Entedoninae but retained as incertae sedis in Eulophidae until its family placement can be determined new placement. The genera Neochrysocharisstat. rev. and Asecodesstat. rev. are removed from synonymy with Closterocerus because strong molecular differences corroborate their morphological differences. Closterocerus (Achrysocharis) germanicus is transferred to the genus Chrysonotomyian. comb. based on molecular and morphological characters.

The Evolution of Body Size, Antennal Size and Host Use in Parasitoid Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): A Phylogenetic Comparative Analysis

“…For genera with more species represented we derived relationships from other published phylogenies: Triapitsyn et al [32] for relationships within Anagyrus ; Guerrieri and Noyes [33] for relationships within Metaphycus (implied from taxonomic discussion); Auger-Rozenburg et al [34] for relationships within Megastigmus ; Heraty et al [35] for relationships within Aphelinus ; Darling and Cardinal [36] for relationships within Leucospis , and; Graham and Gijswijt [37] for relationships within Torymus . We also augmented our phylogenies with additional information on genera missing from the Munro et al [18] and Heraty et al [20] phylogenies using the following sources: Owen et al [38] for resolution of the positions of Megaphragma and Prestwichia ; Lotfalizadeh et al [39] for the position of Risbecoma ; Burks et al [40] for the position of Aulogymnus and Horismenus , and; Rasplus et al [41] for the position of Seres and Apocrypta . Remaining missing species from the Heraty et al [20] phylogeny were filled in from the Munro et al phylogeny [18]…”

Survey on whiteflies and their parasitoids in cassava mosaic pandemic areas of Tanzania using morphological and molecular techniques

“…DNA was extracted using a non‐destructive extraction protocol . Specimens were placed in 80 µL of 10% Chelex (Bio‐Rad, Richmond, CA) solution containing 10 µL of proteinase‐K (Sigma) and were incubated at 55 °C for 1 h and then at 100 °C for 12 min.…”

First record of Closterocerus chamaeleon, parasitoid of the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp Ophelimus maskelli (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eulophidae), in the New World

“…Since then, Burks et al (2011) discovered that 28S D2 and COI DNA data supported Closterocerus as distinct from the morphologically similar genera Chrysonotomyia Ashmead and Neochrysocharis Kurdjumov. Placement of Closterocerus chamaeleon in Closterocerus is based on the strongly curved transepimeral sulcus and the presence of a bare area on the fore wing anterior to the uncus, which are reasonably reliable features of the genus (Hansson 1990, 1994).…”