Survey on whiteflies and their parasitoids in cassava mosaic pandemic areas of Tanzania using morphological and molecular techniques

Guastella, D.; Lulah, Hermence; Tajebe, Lensa S; Cavalieri, Vincenzo; Evans, Gregory A.; Pedata, P.A.; Rapisarda, Carmelo; Legg, J.P.

doi:10.1002/ps.3810

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Although in this study they occurred in small numbers, they have been reported to colonize and co-exist on cassava and are known to cause low to moderate damage in this crop [ 72 ]. The spiralling whitefly has been reported from various countries across Africa [ 64 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 ]. Bondar’s nesting whitefly has been reported to colonize cassava in Uganda, Nigeria, and Tanzania [ 74 , 77 , 78 ] and was found in whitefly samples from cassava in coastal Kenya [ 64 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Analysis of Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases, and Bemisia tabaci in the Comoros Islands

Shirima

Wosula

Hamza³

et al. 2022

Viruses

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A comprehensive assessment of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) and cassava mosaic disease (CMD) was carried out in Comoros where cassava yield (5.7 t/ha) is significantly below the African average (8.6 t/ha) largely due to virus diseases. Observations from 66 sites across the Comoros Islands of Mwali, Ngazidja, and Ndzwani revealed that 83.3% of cassava fields had foliar symptoms of CBSD compared with 95.5% for CMD. Molecular diagnostics confirmed the presence of both cassava brown streak ipomoviruses (CBSIs) and cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs). Although real-time RT-PCR only detected the presence of one CBSI species (Cassava brown streak virus, CBSV) the second species (Ugandan cassava brown streak virus, UCBSV) was identified using next-generation high-throughput sequencing. Both PCR and HTS detected the presence of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV). African cassava mosaic virus was not detected in any of the samples. Four whitefly species were identified from a sample of 131 specimens: Bemisia tabaci, B. afer, Aleurodicus dispersus, and Paraleyrodes bondari. Cassava B. tabaci comprised two mitotypes: SSA1-SG2 (89%) and SSA1-SG3 (11%). KASP SNP genotyping categorized 82% of cassava B. tabaci as haplogroup SSA-ESA. This knowledge will provide an important base for developing and deploying effective management strategies for cassava viruses and their vectors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Analysis of Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases, and Bemisia tabaci in the Comoros Islands

Shirima

Wosula

Hamza³

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…Thirty-four species of Encarsia and 14 species of Eretmocerus , with Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and Encarsia sophia Girault and Dodd being the most dominant (Legg et al , 2003). Surveys of B. tabaci parasitoids in cassava in Tanzania identified using a molecular approach, ten species of parasitoids (Guastella et al , 2015). Hoelmer et al (1995) summarized several papers that suggested that parasitoids may be insufficient to control B. tabaci without other control methods.…”

Section: Biotic Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cassava whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in East African farming landscapes: a review of the factors determining abundance

Macfadyen

Paull

Boykin

et al. 2018

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a pest species complex that causes widespread damage to cassava, a staple food crop for millions of households in East Africa. Species in the complex cause direct feeding damage to cassava and are the vectors of multiple plant viruses. Whilst significant work has gone into developing virus-resistant cassava cultivars, there has been little research effort aimed at understanding the ecology of these insect vectors. Here we assess critically the knowledge base relating to factors that may lead to high population densities of sub-Saharan African (SSA) B. tabaci species in cassava production landscapes of East Africa. We focus first on empirical studies that have examined biotic or abiotic factors that may lead to high populations. We then identify knowledge gaps that need to be filled to deliver sustainable management solutions. We found that whilst many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the increases in abundance witnessed since the early 1990s, there are little published data and these tend to have been collected in a piecemeal manner. The most critical knowledge gaps identified were: (i) understanding how cassava cultivars and alternative host plants impact population dynamics and natural enemies; (ii) the impact of natural enemies in terms of reducing the frequency of outbreaks and (iii) the use and management of insecticides to delay the development of resistance. In addition, there are several fundamental methodologies that need to be developed and deployed in East Africa to address some of the more challenging knowledge gaps.

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“…A list of the parasitoids attacking the Bemisia genus in Sub-Saharan Africa included eight or more species, with Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Encarsia sophia Girault (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Dodd being the most often recorded (Legg et al, 2003). More recent surveys of B. tabaci parasitoids in cassava in Tanzania found 10 species of parasitoids (Guastella et al, 2015). Given that there are likely to be more parasitoid species present than currently recognized, we urgently need to use both morphological and molecular techniques to identify the parasitoid species diversity in this region and to determine the most numerically common species in order to focus future research on harnessing their naturally occurring biocontrol services.…”

Section: The Importance Of Local Production To Foster the Uptake Of Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Langkawi, Malaysia, September 11-15, 2017

Mason¹,

Gillespie²,

Vincent³

2017

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Accidental introductions of natural enemies, including parasitoid and predatory groups, may exceed species introduced intentionally. Several factors favor this: a general surge in international trade; lack of surveillance for species that are not associated with live plants or animals; inability to intercept tiny organisms such as parasitoids; huge invasive host populations in source and/or receiving areas that allow rapid establishment; and lack of aggressive screening for pests already established. Recent frequent and surprisingly rapid accidental natural enemy introductions call into question the regulatory emphasis on a rigorous and protracted process for classical biological control (CBC) introductions, when adventives have a high probability to displace or disrupt this planned process. We provide an overview with three brief case studies.The volume of global international trade is staggering, and it continues to increase. International shipping moves 127 million containers (TEUs, each ~40m³ in volume and weighing ~14 tonnes) per year between countries, the majority between continents, for a total of ~5 billion m³ of freight (2014 totals; World Shipping Council, 2017). About 4x this amount moves domestically in coastal shipping. Additionally, 3.2 billion passenger trips take place by air, and air freight amounts to ~185 million tonnes (about 1/50th of the weight shipped by boat, but delivered in <1 day) (2014 totals;. A single adult parasitoid weighs about 1 mg (Harvey et al., 2006), or approximately 70 parts per trillion of a single shipping container -less than a needle in a haystack -and 350,000 such haystacks arrive from foreign ports worldwide per day! Given this massive exchange of merchandise, invading natural enemies are of low to vanishing priority for national authorities inspecting imports for harmful organisms and other threats. Primary concerns are plant and animal pests and pathogens that will do the most serious and immediate damage, not to mention a host of other non-biological concerns such as terrorism, hazardous substances, and material that is illegal, smuggled, and/or counterfeit. In the US Department of Agriculture, the very name APHIS PPQ (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine) reflects these priorities, and, aside from known plant and animal pests and pathogens, and their associated carriers, very little else attracts the attention of border patrol inspectors.Reece Sailer, in a prescient perspective, estimated the number of "beneficial immigrant species" to the US, determining that nearly half (134 of 287=47%) had been accidentally introduced (numbers from his Figure 6, not his text). "As an entomologist specialized in References Blossey, B. (2016) The future of biological control: a proposal for fundamental reform. In: Van

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Survey on whiteflies and their parasitoids in cassava mosaic pandemic areas of Tanzania using morphological and molecular techniques

Abstract: The accurate identification of natural enemies is an essential first step in developing effective biological control solutions for B. tabaci in Tanzania and the wider cassava-growing environments of Africa. The new data provided here represent an important contribution to this goal.

Cited by 16 publications

References 51 publications

Epidemiological Analysis of Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases, and Bemisia tabaci in the Comoros Islands

Epidemiological Analysis of Cassava Mosaic and Brown Streak Diseases, and Bemisia tabaci in the Comoros Islands

Cassava whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in East African farming landscapes: a review of the factors determining abundance

Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Langkawi, Malaysia, September 11-15, 2017

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