Combined X- and L-band PSI analyses for assessment of land subsidence in Jakarta

Abstract

Jakarta is the capital of Indonesia and is home to approximately 10 million people on the coast of the Java Sea. The subsidence due to groundwater extraction, increased development, natural consolidation of soil and tectonics in Jakarta has been known since the early part of the 20 th century. Evidence of land subsidence exists through monitoring with GPS, level surveys and preliminary InSAR investigations [1].World Bank studies conservatively estimate land subsidence in Jakarta occurring at an average rate of 5 cm per year, and in some areas, over 1 meter was already observed. Recent studies of land subsidence found that while typical subsidence rates were 7.5-10 cm a year, in localized areas of North Jakarta subsidence in the range 15-25 cm a year was occurring, which if sustained, would result in them sinking to 4 to 5 meters below sea level by 2025. Land subsidence will require major interventions, including increased pumping, dikes and most likely introducing major infrastructure investment for sea defence [1].With the increasing prevalence of Earth Observation (EO), the World Bank and the European Space Agency (ESA) have set up a partnership that aims at highlighting the potential of EO information to support the monitoring and management of World Bank projects. It in this framework that was defined the EOWorld projects [2]. Altamira Information, company specialized in ground motion monitoring, has managed one of those projects, focusing on the assessment of land subsidence in Jakarta.

Study on the risk and impacts of land subsidence in Jakarta

“…The studies from Murdohardono and Sudarsono (1998), Rismianto and Mak (1993), Harsolumakso (2001), and Hutasoit (2001 suggested that the possible causative factors of land subsidence in Jakarta are most probably: excessive groundwater extraction, load of constructions (i.e., settlement of high compressibility soil), natural consolidation of alluvial soil, and tectonic activities. Land subsidence in cer-tain area is usually caused by combination of those factors.…”

“…Land subsidence is a well known phenomena affecting Jakarta, and it has been observed using several geodetic techniques and has been widely reported for many years (Rismianto and Mak, 1993;Murdohardono and Sudarsono, 1998;Purnomo et al, 1999;Rajiyowiryono, 1999;Abidin et al, 2001Abidin et al, , 2004Abidin et al, , 2008Abidin et al, , 2010Abidin et al, , 2011Abidin et al, , 2013Koudogbo et al, 2012;Ng et al, 2012;Chaussard et al, 2013). According to those studies, land subsidence in Jakarta has spatial and temporal variations with typical rates of about 3-10 cm year −1 .…”

Investigating the tectonic influence to the anthropogenic subsidence along northern coast of Java Island Indonesia using GNSS data sets

“…al [4][5][6][7][8], Koudogbo et. al [9], Ng, A.H.-M et.al [10], Chaussard et. al [11]) the yearly value of Jakarta's subsidence generally ranging from 1 to 10 centimeter per-year and may reach 20-26 centimeter in certain place, especially in northern part of Jakarta city for the recent years.…”

On correlation between urban development, land subsidence and flooding phenomena in Jakarta

“…Land subsidence in Jakarta has been observed using several geodetic techniques and has been widely reported for many years (Rismianto and Mak, 1993;Murdohardono and Sudarsono, 1998;Purnomo et al, 1999;Rajiyowiryono, 1999;Abidin et al, 2001Abidin et al, , 2004Abidin et al, , 2008Abidin et al, , 2010Abidin et al, , 2011Abidin et al, , 2013Koudogbo et al, 2012;Ng et al, 2012;Chaussard et al, 2013). According to those studies, land subsidence in Jakarta has spatial and temporal variations with typical rates of about 3 to 10 cm year −1 .…”