Combining E-Nose and Lateral Flow Immunoassays (LFIAs) for Rapid Occurrence/Co-Occurrence Aflatoxin and Fumonisin Detection in Maize

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of an e-nose in combination with lateral flow immunoassays for rapid aflatoxin and fumonisin occurrence/co-occurrence detection in maize samples. For this purpose, 161 samples of corn have been used. Below the regulatory limits, single-contaminated, and co-contaminated samples were classified according to the detection ranges established for commercial lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) for mycotoxin determination. Correspondence between methods was evaluated by discriminant function analysis (DFA) procedures using IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Stepwise variable selection was done to select the e-nose sensors for classifying samples by DFA. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the eight-variate DFA model for aflatoxin was 81%. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the seven-variate DFA model for fumonisin was 85%. The overall leave-out-one cross-validated percentage of samples correctly classified by the nine-variate DFA model for the three classes of contamination (below the regulatory limits, single-contaminated, co-contaminated) was 65%. Therefore, even though an exhaustive evaluation will require a larger dataset to perform a validation procedure, an electronic nose (e-nose) seems to be a promising rapid/screening method to detect contamination by aflatoxin, fumonisin, or both in maize kernel stocks.

Adverse Effects, Transformation and Channeling of Aflatoxins Into Food Raw Materials in Livestock

“…The different methods can be characterized by several parameters such as accuracy, applicability, reproducibility, limit of detection and so on (Sheppard, 2008;Alshannaq and Yae-Hiuk, 2017;Shanakhat et al, 2018). Trucksess and Zhang (2016) argued that all practically useful analytical methods should meet the basic Fluorescence polarization immunoassay 30 ng/ml Maragos, 2009 Biosensors 0.05 ml 0.005 µg/l Gurban et al, 2017;Man et al, 2017 Indirect methods Spectroscopy 4 µg/kg Wacoo et al, 2014 Emerging technologies Hyperspectral imaging 10 µg/kg Wang et al, 2014 Electronic nose 5 µ/kg Ottoboni et al, 2018 Aptamer-based biosensors ECL 0.1 pg/ml Shim et al, 2014;Castillo et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2016;Jia et al, 2019;Kordasht et al, 2019; guidelines of reproducibility in different laboratory settings. Based on these premises, protocols that are used in different laboratories from sampling to analysis were compiled, and systems relying on certified material samples (CRMs) are also closely related to this.…”

Performance Analysis of MAU-9 Electronic-Nose MOS Sensor Array Components and ANN Classification Methods for Discrimination of Herb and Fruit Essential Oils

“…Electronic-nose (e-nose) devices, used in the food industry for quality control (QC) of animal and plant-based products, generally consist of an array of electrochemical sensors used in combination with machine-learning methods, such as through artificial neural networks (ANN), pattern-recognition algorithms, and various statistical data-evaluation systems collectively capable of detecting aroma emissions from organic food sources [1,2]. E-nose devices usually contain an array of non-specific, cross-reactive chemical sensors that have been used to detect complex food volatiles, consisting of unique combinations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and provide specific chemical, aroma signature patterns (smellprints) representative of the VOC-emissions being analyzed from various food sources [3][4][5].…”

Compliance between Food and Feed Safety: Eight-Year Survey (2013–2021) of Aflatoxin M1 in Raw Milk and Aflatoxin B1 in Feed in Northern Italy

“…High content of AFM1 in milk and dairy products was reported [ 41 , 42 , 43 ], probably due to extreme weather conditions in 2012 that increased the AFB1 contamination in animal feeds used for feeding lactating animals. High percentages of maize contaminated by AFs were also reported from several countries in the south and southwestern regions of Europe, such as Spain, Italy, Serbia, Croatia [ 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], as well as Turkey [ 49 ], and Middle Eastern countries, such as Iran, Syria, and Egypt [ 43 , 44 , 45 ].…”