Combining in-situ lithography with 3D printed solid immersion lenses for single quantum dot spectroscopy

Sartison, Marc; Portalupi, Simone Luca; Gissibl, Timo; Jetter, Michael; Gießen, Harald; Michler, Peter

doi:10.1038/srep39916

Cited by 67 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A modified excitation spot can excite differently the various QD charged states, resulting in different intensities for different emission lines, as already reported and discussed for instance in Ref. 13,18 . A better understanding of this effect would be provided by the implementation of charge-tunable devices that allow to address specific charged states in the quantum dots 19,20 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 52%

Metallic nanorings for broadband, enhanced extraction of light from solid-state emitters

Trojak

Park

Song

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on the increased extraction of light emitted by solid-state sources embedded within high refractive index materials. This is achieved by making use of a local lensing effect by sub-micron metallic rings deposited on the sample surface and centered around single emitters. We show enhancements in the intensity of the light emitted by InAs/GaAs single quantum dot lines into free space as high as a factor 20. Such a device is intrinsically broadband and therefore compatible with any kind of solid-state light source. We foresee the fabrication of metallic rings via scalable techniques, like nano-imprint, and their implementation to improve the emission of classical and quantum light from solid-state sources. Furthermore, while increasing the brightness of the devices, the metallic rings can also act as top contacts for the local application of electric fields for carrier injection or wavelength tuning.PACS numbers: 42.82. Bq, 78.55.Cr, 78.60.Lc, 78.67.Hc a) Electronic mail: o.trojak@soton.ac.uk b) Electronic mail: l.sapienza@soton.ac.uk; www.quantum.soton.ac.uk 1 Extracting light into free space is one of the challenges to face when dealing with solidstate emitters embedded within high-index materials. At the air interface total internal reflection can trap most of the light within the higher index material, thus preventing efficient light extraction, that can be as low as a few percent. Such an issue needs to be faced when dealing with emitters like light-emitting diodes 1 and lasers 2 based, for instance, on quantum wells or quantum dots. In the same way as for classical light emitters, extraction efficiency has been the focus of intensive research when dealing with intrinsically dimmer sources like single-photon emitters for fundamental science 3,4 and quantum information technology applications 5 . Amongst solid-state quantum light sources, molecular beam epitaxial quantum dots (QDs) are of particular interest as they are directly grown on a semiconductor chip (thus allowing easy integration within optical circuits), they can have lifetime-limited emission lines 6 and can emit pure and indistinguishable single photons 7 .Several approaches have been followed to increase the extraction efficiency of light emitted by QDs into free space. For instance, optical cavities embedding single emitters have been fabricated to channel the emitted light into specific optical modes. Examples are micropillars, based on distributed Bragg reflectors 7 , nanowires 8 and circular grating cavities on suspended membranes 9,10 . Such optical cavities require the coupling of the emission from a source into a specific optical mode that the emitter needs to be resonant with. Fabrication processes can require multilayer growth (for micropillars) and deep etching (for micropillars and nanowires) or a calibrated etch (for circular grating cavities). High aspect ratio devices or suspended membranes also require non-trivial fabrication processes if one wants to include electrical tuning or injection to improve the device performance...

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mentioning

confidence: 52%

Metallic nanorings for broadband, enhanced extraction of light from solid-state emitters

Trojak

Park

Song

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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“…1b). In a standard realisation of DLW-printed µ-lenses, the observed increase in the light extraction efficiency is due to a reduction of the Fresnel reflections and an increase in the critical angle of total internal reflection 16,17 . Here, in Superior efficiency of light collection with an elliptical µ-lens compared to the situation with a hemispherical lens for lownumerical-aperture collection optics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-long-working-distance spectroscopy of single nanostructures with aspherical solid immersion microlenses

et al. 2020

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In light science and applications, equally important roles are played by efficient light emitters/detectors and by the optical elements responsible for light extraction and delivery. The latter should be simple, cost effective, broadband, versatile and compatible with other components of widely desired micro-optical systems. Ideally, they should also operate without high-numerical-aperture optics. Here, we demonstrate that all these requirements can be met with elliptical microlenses 3D printed on top of light emitters. Importantly, the microlenses we propose readily form the collected light into an ultra-low divergence beam (half-angle divergence below 1°) perfectly suited for ultra-longworking-distance optical measurements (600 mm with a 1-inch collection lens), which are not accessible to date with other spectroscopic techniques. Our microlenses can be fabricated on a wide variety of samples, including semiconductor quantum dots and fragile van der Waals heterostructures made of novel two-dimensional materials, such as monolayer and few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides.

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“…These maps contain a very precise coordinate of the observed quantum dots, and furthermore, their spectral information can be recorded. Once the ideal candidate has been selected, a second exposure laser, collinear with the first one, is used for the direct patterning of the mask . In situ electron beam lithography relies on a similar approach while using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy for the QD localization followed by electron‐beam lithography .…”

Section: Quantum Dots As Nonclassical Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…µ‐PL map recorded after the fabrication of deterministically positioned markers with the pre‐selected QD centered in between. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2017, Springer Nature Ltd: Scientific Reports.…”

Section: Quantum Dots As Nonclassical Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Integrated Quantum Photonics

et al. 2019

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Quantum mechanics promises to have a strong impact on many aspects of research and technology, improving classical analogues via purely quantum effects. A large variety of tasks are currently under investigation, for example, the implementation of quantum computing, sensing, metrology, and communication. From a general perspective, in a similar way as classical computing benefited by the reduction of the device footprint, enabling the realization of highly complex chips, a range of quantum applications will sensibly improve thanks to the successful realization of on-chip quantum photonics. Conversely to bulky table-top experiments, it would be very advantageous to transfer all required functionalities on the same quantum photonic chip. The key elements for quantum photonic circuits are on-demand nonclassical light sources, a versatile photonic logic, the ability to store quantum information, and highly efficient detectors, directly integrated on-chip. Among several systems capable of the efficient generation of singleand indistinguishable photons, quantum dots are rapidly establishing as one of the most appealing candidates. This paper reviews the recent progress in the on-chip integration of quantum-dot-based nonclassical light sources as well as in the development of the main building blocks, either integrated monolithically or hybridly on a compact and scalable platform. IntroductionFrom the foundation of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century to explain fundamental physical observations, over the development of transistors and lasers in the 1950s and 1960s, the second quantum revolution is now in full swing. The driving force behind this continuing "quantum footrace" are quantum mechanical effects based on superposition and entanglement that can lead to profound changes. Especially in the field of quantum information science, dramatic improvements are expected in terms of increased computational speed and communication security if compared with classical counterparts.Talking about quantum supremacy, two problems-Grover's algorithm for the efficient search in large unsorted databases and Shor's algorithm for the prime factorization of large integers-are frequently mentioned. [1][2][3] Grover's quantum search algorithm can find an element of a search space M in O( √ M) operations compared to the best known classical algorithms approximately requiring O(M) steps. [4] Shor's algorithm can prime factorize large integers with N bits in polynomial speed compared to the exponential scaling of classical algorithms. Currently, several cryptography schemes in electronic communication systems rely on the difficulty of prime factorization as its security method. Consequently, a quantum computer could break the cryptographic keys quickly by calculating or searching exhaustively all key possibilities, which may allow an eavesdropper to intercept the communication channel. [5] However, quantum key distribution schemes can be alternatively used, which are based on the secure exchange of a cryptographic key between remote...

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Combining in-situ lithography with 3D printed solid immersion lenses for single quantum dot spectroscopy

Cited by 67 publications

References 37 publications

Metallic nanorings for broadband, enhanced extraction of light from solid-state emitters

Metallic nanorings for broadband, enhanced extraction of light from solid-state emitters

Ultra-long-working-distance spectroscopy of single nanostructures with aspherical solid immersion microlenses

Semiconductor Quantum Dots for Integrated Quantum Photonics

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