“…MPPT techniques have been widely reported in the literature, with variations in tracking speed, convergence speed, oscillation, efficiency, and components used [17][18][19][20][21]. Numerous MPPT algorithms have been developed, including the fractional short circuit current (FOCC) technique [22,23], the fractional open circuit voltage (FOCV) [24,25], the fuzzy logic controller [26,27], the perturbation and observation (P&O) [28,29], and the incremental conductance (INC) [30,31]. The P&O and INC approaches are still extensively utilized due to their straightforwardness and less expensive in implementation [32,33].…”