Combustion behavior of poplar (Populus adenopoda Maxim.) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata Don.) treated with a combination of styrene-acrylic copolymer and sodium silicate

Nguyen, Thi Tham; Nguyen, Thi Vinh Khanh; Xiao, Zefang; Wang, Fengqiang; Zheng, Zhimin; Che, Wenbo; Xie, Yanjun

doi:10.1007/s00107-019-01401-2

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Notably, the second peak MLR of PA1 was greater than the first at 25 kWm -2 , consistent with previous research findings [9]. In this study, irrespective of the presence of flame-retardant additives, the relationship between peak MLRs and heat fluxes diverged from the patterns documented by other researchers [2,11,19,26], expect at 25 kWm -2 . It is significantly noted the samples subjected to treatment exhibited higher initial peak heat fluxes in comparison to untreated counterparts across varying heat flux conditions.…”

Section: Mass Loss Rate and Soot Productionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Thi et al [11] conducted a cone calorimetric test to evaluate the combustion profile of Radiata pine treated with a mixture of styrene-acrylic copolymer and sodium silicate, at 50 kWm -2 , and observed that the first HRR peak value was smaller than the second during the whole combustion regime. In addition, the maximum fire performance index (FPI) for the treated samples was ca.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter

Zhang,

Joseph,

Guerrieri

et al. 2024

Preprint

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In this study, pristine pinewood samples and those treated with flame-retardant additives were examined to evaluate their fire risk. The combustion process was delineated into four stages: release of flammable volatile gases, reduction of thermal penetration depth, sample deformation to optimize heat absorption, and the onset of smoldering combustion involving char formation. It was discovered that the synergistic effects of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), triphenylphosphine (TPP), and (NH4)2HPO4 not only facilitated the decomposition of the samples but also lowered the surface temperature and diluted the oxygen concentration, thereby prolonging the ignition time, particularly at heat fluxes of 25 or 30 kWm− 2. The incorporation of Na2CO3 alongside other additives predominantly impacted the second stage of the combustion process, significantly contributing to the reduction of thermal penetration and dilution of oxygen concentration in combustion. The ignition time of the treated samples was at least 1.5 times longer than that of the untreated samples at lower heat flux. Notably, stable burning was more pronounced at higher heat fluxes for treated samples, and the mass loss rate of these samples was comparatively lower. The thermal penetration depth as a function expressed by ca. 0.8 \(\frac{\rho }{{\dot{q}}^{"}}\). The soot yield for both PA1 and PA2 increased with the heat flux rising and was approximately 0.006 kg/kg, at higher heat flux. The total heat release (THR) and total oxygen consumption (TOC) were observed to be lower for the treated samples. Upon analyzing the fire risk, it was determined that the performance of additive combination PA2 was superior, indicated by lower values in key risk indicators such as heat release rate, mass loss rate (MLR), and CO and CO2 yields. However, flashover propensity of PA2 ranges from 0.25 to 12.07, slight higher than that of PA3. Research is ongoing to further refine the formula to better meet human safety requirements.

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Section: Mass Loss Rate and Soot Productionsupporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter

Zhang,

Joseph,

Guerrieri

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…woods in previous research has shown evident effectiveness in enhancing wood properties. The results revealed that this method could improve some mechanical properties and increase the ignition resistance of the woods, as evidenced by longer ignition times and higher limiting oxygen index values [10,11]. However, using a combination of SC and SS remains relatively unexplored within the context of Acacia hybrid wood in Vietnam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of mechanical and flame-retardant properties of Acacia hybrid through the treatment of a combination of styrene-acrylic copolymer and sodium silicate

Tham,

Chi,

Hung

et al. 2024

JFST

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The mechanical and flame-retardant properties of Acacia hybrid wood were studied through the treatment of an aqueous solution containing a styrene-acrylic copolymer (SC) and sodium silicate (SS). The results showed a significant increase in the mechanical properties of SC/SS-treated wood. Specifically, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) improved by up to 71.54% and 53.65%, respectively. The surface hardness of the cross-section and radial section also increased by 37.24% and 46.65%, respectively. The treated wood’s weight percentage gain (WPG) reached up to 23.31%. The largest leaching rate (LR) of treated wood was only 8.01%, suggesting this treatment has obvious effects in fixing the SS in the wood. However, it did not cause positive bulking efficiency (BE) and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE). The incorporation of SS with SC resulted in the decomposition of polysaccharides at a lower temperature while increasing the limiting oxygen index (LOI), which was 34.95% higher than that of untreated wood, making it more difficult to ignite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the SC/SS deposited in the cell lumina after polymerization, but significant structural changes occurred, including vessel and cell wall deformation due to the partial dissolution of hemicellulose and lignin from the cell wall in the alkaline solution. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of applying the SC/SS combination treatment to wood in practical applications.

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“…In fire retardant formulations, SS functions by forming a heat barrier of accumulating inorganic silica residues on the wood surface. This residue functions as an insulating, porous barrier that prevents the release of the volatile pyrolysis products and also reduces the amount of heat that is transferred back to the wood substrate (Mai and Militz 2004;Lowden and Hull 2013;Lee and Thole 2018;Nguyen et al 2019). Many fire retardants for lignocellulosic materials work in a similar way by promoting char formation at lower temperatures, as char has a thermal conductivity several times lower than wood (Kozlowski and Wladyka-Przybylak 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of diammonium phosphate and sodium silicate on the adhesion and fire properties of birch veneer

Hautamäki

Altgen

et al. 2019

Holzforschung

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In built environments the combustibility of wood is a great concern, which limits the use of wood as a building material due to legislation. The reaction-to-fire properties of wood can be altered with the use of fire-retardant chemicals, and most of the commonly used fire retardants already have a long history of use. However, only limited information is available on the impact of different fire retardants on the adhesion properties of wood. Additionally, comparative studies between chemicals from different groups of fire retardants is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of two commonly used fire retardants, sodium silicate (SS) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), on veneer properties, the focus being especially on thermal behavior and adhesion. Thermal properties and combustibility were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), flame test and calorimetry. Glue bond strength was analyzed with an automated bonding evaluation system (ABES) and the leaching of chemicals was determined according to EN84. Additionally, the surface characteristics of modified veneers were imaged with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results revealed notable differences in the thermal properties of SS and DAP, with DAP having better fire-retardant performance in all thermal testing. SS also affected thermal properties and combustibility of modified veneers, but the effect was only moderate compared to DAP. Neither SS or DAP had any significant resistance against leaching but ABES testing showed a notable increase in the glue bond strength of DAP modified veneers.

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Combustion behavior of poplar (Populus adenopoda Maxim.) and radiata pine (Pinus radiata Don.) treated with a combination of styrene-acrylic copolymer and sodium silicate

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter

Experimental study of pinewood samples incorporating multiple flame-retardant additives under varied heat fluxes in a cone calorimeter

Enhancement of mechanical and flame-retardant properties of Acacia hybrid through the treatment of a combination of styrene-acrylic copolymer and sodium silicate

The effect of diammonium phosphate and sodium silicate on the adhesion and fire properties of birch veneer

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