Combustion of alane and aluminum with water for hydrogen and thermal energy generation

Connell, Terrence L.; Risha, Grant A.; Yetter, Richard A.; Young, Glenn M.; Sundaram, Dilip Srinivas; Yang, Vigor

doi:10.1016/j.proci.2010.07.088

Cited by 48 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The exposed aluminum particle surface area S Al is equal to the surface area of the aluminum particle surface area S minus the internal surface area of initial oxidation layer S init . When the temperature reaches the melting point of aluminum oxide, S Al is equal to the greater one of these values and the area from Equation (6). In this stage, when S Al ≤ 0, the aluminum particles extinguish: This stage can be divided into two states.…”

Section: Stage Iii: From Ignition Of Aluminum Particles To Alumina Meltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In recent years, many aspects of the aluminum and water reaction were researched in aluminum-water ramjet and aluminum-water power systems such as Hybrid Aluminum Combustor (HAC) [2], or Hybrid Aluminum Combustor -Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (HAC-SOFC) [3,4] and the results shows that this system has high energy density. At present, the aluminum-water mixture is made into solid grains [5][6][7][8] by using the slow reaction characteristics of aluminum-water at low temperature, and the burning rate characteristics and the performance are analyzed. For undersea vehicles, the use of external water and its own carrying aluminum reaction can greatly improve the performance of the power system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Simulation of a Vortex Combustor Based on Aluminum and Steam

et al. 2016

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Abstract:In this paper we report a new development in the numerical model for aluminum-steam combustion. This model is based on the diffusion flame of the continuum regime and the thermal equilibrium between the particle and the flow field, which can be used to calculate the aluminum particle combustion model for two phase calculation conditions. The model prediction is in agreement with the experimental data. A new type of vortex combustor is proposed to increase the efficiency of the combustion of aluminum and steam, and the mathematical model of the two phase reacting flow in this combustor is established. The turbulence effects are modeled using the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) with Linear Pressure-Strain approach, and the Eddy-Dissipation model is used to simulate the gas phase combustion. Aluminum particles are injected into the vortex combustor, forming a swirling flow around the chamber, whose trajectories are traced using the Discrete Phase Model (DPM). The simulation results show that the vortex combustor can achieve highly efficient combustion of aluminum and steam. The influencing factors, such as the eccentric distance of the inlet of aluminum particles, particle size and steam inlet diameter, etc., are studied.

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Section: Stage Iii: From Ignition Of Aluminum Particles To Alumina Meltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of a Vortex Combustor Based on Aluminum and Steam

et al. 2016

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“…It can also described as two interpenetrating tetrahedra, or it can be derived from a square antiprism in which the square bases become folded lozenges (Scheme 3). An earlier example of octagallane, the σ(C-Ga)-bonded fluorenylgallium cluster Ga 8 (C 13 H 9 ) 8 2− , was chronicled by Schnepf et al in 2000 [50] and by King in 2001 [51] as having an antiprism-like structure, whereas the earliest square antiprism geometry was reported for a transition metal cluster, Co 8 C(CO) 18 2− , in 1978 by Albano et al [52]; this also has 18 skeletal electrons (n+1 pair with n08).…”

Section: A B Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After boranes, alanes with the empirical formulae Al n H m (m 0 n and m 0 n+2) are the next most popular set of neutral group 13 hydrides to study [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]; the first such cluster was characterized by Bowen and coworkers [7] using infrared spectroscopy with a pulsed arc cluster ionization source (PACIS) [11]. Their study prompted an active field of research into species that are designed to store as much hydrogen as possible [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. Those authors also investigated, via theoretical calculations, the relationship between these alanes (Al n H n+2 , n05, …, 8) and the corresponding boranes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large gallanes and the PSEPT theory: a theoretical study of Ga n H n+2 clusters (n = 7–9)

et al. 2012

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Do alanes Al(n)H(n+2) and gallanes Ga(n)H(n+2) satisfy the polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (PSEPT)? Taking into account previous work on this question, this paper provides a convincing answer and proposes the reformulation of the (n + 1) electron pairs rule of Wade and Mingos (W-M) for such systems. Following recent studies of tetra-, penta-, hexa-, hepta-, octa-, and nonaalanes as well as valence-isoelectronic/related gallanes, in this paper we present an analysis of the hydrides of aluminum and gallium A(n)H(n+2) (A = Al, Ga and n = 7-9). The aim is still to examine the applicability of PSEPT, especially the W-M rule, to these clusters. Exploration of the total potential energy surfaces (PESs) of hepta-, octa-, and nonagallanes shows that the absolute minima have a nido-like polyhedron arrangement. Unlike the smaller Ga(n)H(n+2) (n = 4, 5, 6), it seems that the size of the cluster largely dictates its preferred geometry. Although none of them have closed (totally triangular) cages, these clusters exhibit significant compactness, comparable to borane double anions, B(n)H(n) (2-), which are the archetypes for the PSEPT theory.

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“…Leung et al (30) reported the resonant acoustic mixing of drug suspensions with milling media (beads), which allowed for streamlined identification of an optimal drug nanosuspension formulation. The acoustic mixing has been previously used for liquid mixing (31,32), powder mixing (33,34), and dry coating of drugs and excipients (35)(36)(37)(38). In this process, low-frequency, high-intensity vibratory energy is applied to the entire mixing vessel to homogeneously mix the components while the vessel oscillates at the resonance frequency (39)(40)(41).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Intensified Vibratory Milling Process for Enhancing the Breakage Kinetics during the Preparation of Drug Nanosuspensions

Zhang

Davé

et al. 2015

AAPS PharmSciTech

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Abstract. As a drug-sparing approach in early development, vibratory milling has been used for the preparation of nanosuspensions of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this study was to intensify this process through a systematic increase in vibration intensity and bead loading with the optimal bead size for faster production. Griseofulvin, a poorly water-soluble drug, was wet-milled using yttrium-stabilized zirconia beads with sizes ranging from 50 to 1500 μm at low power density (0.87 W/g). Then, this process was intensified with the optimal bead size by sequentially increasing vibration intensity and bead loading. Additional experiments with several bead sizes were performed at high power density (16 W/g), and the results were compared to those from wet stirred media milling. Laser diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and dissolution tests were used for characterization. Results for the low power density indicated 800 μm as the optimal bead size which led to a median size of 545 nm with more than 10% of the drug particles greater than 1.8 μm albeit the fastest breakage. An increase in either vibration intensity or bead loading resulted in faster breakage. The most intensified process led to 90% of the particles being smaller than 300 nm. At the high power intensity, 400 μm beads were optimal, which enhanced griseofulvin dissolution significantly and signified the importance of bead size in view of the power density. Only the optimally intensified vibratory milling led to a comparable nanosuspension to that prepared by the stirred media milling.

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Combustion of alane and aluminum with water for hydrogen and thermal energy generation

Cited by 48 publications

References 28 publications

Numerical Simulation of a Vortex Combustor Based on Aluminum and Steam

Numerical Simulation of a Vortex Combustor Based on Aluminum and Steam

Large gallanes and the PSEPT theory: a theoretical study of Ga n H n+2 clusters (n = 7–9)

An Intensified Vibratory Milling Process for Enhancing the Breakage Kinetics during the Preparation of Drug Nanosuspensions

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