Commensal Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Wastewater and Freshwater Milieus in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, as Reservoir of Antibiotic Resistant Determinants

Igbinosa, Isoken H.; Nwodo, Uchechukwu U.; Sosa, Aníbal; Tom, Mvuyo; Okoh, Anthony I.

doi:10.3390/ijerph9072537

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Likewise, in agreement with our ndings, a study carried out in Ma keng in the North West Province of South Africa, isolated P. aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas species from both drinking and surface waters [37]. However, contrary to our ndings, a study carried out in Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa on wastewater samples found a lower occurrence rate of 11.1% [38]. This disparity is most likely due to different treatment processes used in water puri cation, or it can be assumed that WWTP does not totally eliminate bacteria especially MDR strains since these organisms are resilient to the treatment processes and eventually play a role in the transmission and spread of antimicrobial resistance.…”

Section: Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testingsupporting

confidence: 89%

Antibiotic resistant gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from non-clinical environment: public health implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Hosu¹,

Vasaikar²,

Okuthe³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) are Gram-negative bacilli that are ubiquitous in nature particularly plentiful in soils and in aquatic milieu because they thrive well in humid or wet environments. It has extensive metabolic versatility, ability to thrive well and colonize diverse ecological habitats such as soil, rhizosphere, wastewaters that, enhances its potential threat to public health. Abattoirs, aquatic ecosystem including generated wastewaters are latent sources of pathogenic bacteria, serve as reservoirs and contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistant genes. Several studies have focused on clinical environment while scarce data exist from non-clinical environments, which sometimes are hotspots of antibiotic resistance. Thus, the present investigation aimed to identify antibiotic resistant gene of P. aeruginosa from non-clinical sources in Mthatha, Eastern Cape and evaluate its public health implications. Results Fifty-five (55) Pseudomonas species and other organisms recovered from effluent and surface water samples included P. aeruginosa (65.4%), P. fluorescens (27.3%), Burkholderia gladioli (5.5%) and Burkholderia cepacia (1.8%). The P. aeruginosa isolates showed high resistance to aztreonam (86.1%), ceftazidime (63.9%), piperacillin (58.3%) and cefepime (55.6%); with moderate resistance displayed to imipenem (50%), piperacillin/tazobactam (47.2%), meropenem (41.7%) and levofloxacin (30.6%). Twenty out of thirty-six (36) P. aeruginosa displayed multidrug resistance profiles and were classified as multidrug resistant (MDR) (55.6%). Most of the bacterial isolates exhibited a high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index of > 0.2 ranging from 0.08–0.69 with a mean MAR Index of 0.38. PCR analysis of fifteen (15) P. aeruginosa isolates detected 14 (93.3%) harbored blaSHV, 6 (40%) harbored blaTEM with the least occurring ESBL as blaCTX−M at 3 (20%). Conclusions Results of the current study indicating resistance of environmental P. aeruginosa isolates to front-line clinically relevant antipseudomonal drugs is concerning and poses risk to the environment and receiving water bodies. Given the public health relevance, the results of this study highlight the importance and urgent need of monitoring multidrug-resistant pathogens in effluent environments. These non-clinical environments are potential reservoirs of resistance genes that would further serve as avenues for the dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria in the community.

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Section: Isolation and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testingsupporting

confidence: 89%

Antibiotic resistant gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from non-clinical environment: public health implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Hosu¹,

Vasaikar²,

Okuthe³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…fluorescens groups [ 12 ]. Representatives from these groups have been isolated from a variety of habitats such as: soils and rhizospheres [ 13 – 15 ], drains[ 14 ], fresh and salt water [ 16 – 20 ], plants [ 21 , 22 ], and in clinical settings [ 23 – 25 ]. Nevertheless, despite substantial overlap in the environments from which they have been isolated, they differ in the resources they are able to use [ 26 , 27 ], in their temperature tolerances [ 26 , 28 ], and they have been found to differ in their relative abundances in some types of environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…putida group strains to be more common than P . fluorescens group strains in household sites [ 14 ]; Igbinosa et al [ 20 ] found more P . putida than P .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens Species Group Recovery from Human Homes Varies Seasonally and by Environment

2015

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By shedding light on variation in time as well as in space, long-term biogeographic studies can help us define organisms’ distribution patterns and understand their underlying drivers. Here we examine distributions of Pseudomonas in and around 15 human homes, focusing on the P. putida and P. fluorescens species groups. We describe recovery from 10,941 samples collected during up to 8 visits per home, occurring on average 2.6 times per year. We collected a mean of 141 samples per visit, from sites in most rooms of the house, from the surrounding yards, and from human and pet occupants. We recovered Pseudomonas in 9.7% of samples, with the majority of isolates being from the P. putida and P. fluorescens species groups (approximately 62% and 23% of Pseudomonas samples recovered respectively). Although representatives of both groups were recovered from every season, every house, and every type of environment sampled, recovery was highly variable across houses and samplings. Whereas recovery of P. putida group was higher in summer and fall than in winter and spring, P. fluorescens group isolates were most often recovered in spring. P. putida group recovery from soils was substantially higher than its recovery from all other environment types, while higher P. fluorescens group recovery from soils than from other sites was much less pronounced. Both species groups were recovered from skin and upper respiratory tract samples from healthy humans and pets, although this occurred infrequently. This study indicates that even species that are able to survive under a broad range of conditions can be rare and variable in their distributions in space and in time. For such groups, determining patterns and causes of stochastic and seasonal variability may be more important for understanding the processes driving their biogeography than the identity of the types of environments in which they can be found.

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“…2. Igbinosa et al [24] reported that all isolates (100%) from fresh water and mixed liquor samples from Alice were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Conversely, all (100%) were resistant to penicillin.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Of the Isolated Pseudomonasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Quality of Street Vended Drinking Water in Dhaka City and Screening for Antibiotics Resistance of Isolated <i>Salmonella spp</i> and <i>Pseudomonas spp.</i>

et al. 2014

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The present study was aimed to assess the microbiological quality of street vended drinking water of Dhaka city. The water samples were collected from street vendors in different areas of Dhaka city. All of the 30 samples were found having microorganisms higher than WHO limits for drinking water. Four (13.34%) samples were confirmed to have Salmonella contamination and twenty (66.67%) samples were contaminated with Pseudomonas. Based on morphological and biochemical characterization Salmonella isolates were identified as Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella bongori. Among the isolates of Pseudomonas, fourteen were identified as Pseudomonas alcaligens and six were as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. During antibiogram for Salmonella, 100% of the isolates were found resistant to Penicillin. Chloramphenicol, doxycycline, Gentamycin, Neomycin were sensitive to all of the isolates. The Pseudomonas isolates showed a significant drug resistance to Penicillin (100%), Ampicillin (95%), Amoxicillin (95%) and Nalidixic acid (85%). The present study demonstrates that drinking water samples from street vendors in Dhaka city are not complying with microbiological specifications of WHO and indicates that street vending drinking water in Dhaka city may not be safe for human consumption and also shows that these are the potential sources of drug resistance Salmonella and Pseudomonas.

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Commensal Pseudomonas Species Isolated from Wastewater and Freshwater Milieus in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, as Reservoir of Antibiotic Resistant Determinants

Cited by 34 publications

References 29 publications

Antibiotic resistant gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from non-clinical environment: public health implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Antibiotic resistant gene of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from non-clinical environment: public health implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens Species Group Recovery from Human Homes Varies Seasonally and by Environment

Microbiological Quality of Street Vended Drinking Water in Dhaka City and Screening for Antibiotics Resistance of Isolated <i>Salmonella spp</i> and <i>Pseudomonas spp.</i>

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