Commentaries on Viewpoint: Physiology and fast marathons

Santos-Concejero, Jordan; González-Mohíno, Fernando; González-Ravé, José María; Perrey, Stéphane; Dewolf, Arthur H.; Yates, Brandon A.; Ušaj, Anton; Debevec, Tadej; González-Rayas, José Manuel; Rayas-Gómez, Ana Lilia; González-Yáñez, José Manuel; Lepers, Romuald; Stapley, Paul J.; Louis, Julien; Proessl, Felix; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Knechtle, Beat; Muniz‐Pumares, Daniel; Hunter, Ben; Bottoms, Lindsay; Bontemps, Bastien; Boullosa, Daniel; Coso, Juan Del; Blagrove, Richard; Hayes, Philip R.; Millet, Grégoire P.; Malatesta, Davide; Campos, Yuri de Almeida Costa; Guimarães, Miller P.; Vianna, Jéferson Macedo; Silva, Sandro Fernandes da; Azevedo, Paulo Henrique Silva Marques de; Paris, Hunter L.; Leist, Margaret A; Lige, Mast T; Malysa, William; Oumsang, Alicia S; Sinai, Erin; Hansen, Rasmus; Secher, Niels H.; Volianitis, Stefanos; Hottenrott, Laura; Hottenrott, Kuno; Gronwald, Thomas; Senefeld, Jonathon W.; Fernandes, Ricardo J.; Vilas‐Boas, João Paulo; Riveros-Rivera, Alain; Böning, Dieter; Craighead, Daniel H.; Kipp, Shalaya; Kram, Rodger; Zinner, Christoph; Sperlich, Billy; Holmberg, Hans-Christer; Muñiz-Pardos, Borja; Sutehall, Shaun; Angeloudis, Konstantinos; Guppy, Fergus; Bosch, Andrew; Pitsiladis, Yannis; Andrade, David C.; Río, Rodrigo Del; Ramírez‐Campillo, Rodrigo; Lopes, Thiago Ribeiro; Silva, Bruno M.; Ives, Stephen J.; Weyand, Peter G.; Brietzke, Cayque; Franco‐Alvarenga, Paulo Estevão; Santos, Tony Meireles dos; Layec, Gwenael; Hoogkamer, Wouter; Balestrini, Christopher S.; Goss, Curtis S.; Gabler, Mikaela C.; Escalera, Albaro; Bielko, Shane A.; Chapman, Robert F.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00167.2020

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 113 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…This means that despite a decrease in performance observed after the peak reached in early years (usually at 20 s), it is possible to observe a further increase in performance in late ages, with a possible second peak that can be reached around 30 years. For example, the non-official status of this record notwithstanding [ 6 ], the world was able to see a remarkable feat performed by a 35-year-old marathoner (Eliud Kipchoge, in Vienna, in 2019, who was 8 years older than the half-marathon world record holder in the same year), who covered the marathon distance in under two hours [ 7 ]. In addition, a case study conducted with a world female distance runner during three consecutive years identified that the improvement in 3000 m running performance was not caused by an increase in VO 2max but was related to both running economy and lactate threshold, which considerably improved during the follow-up [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, since endurance performance is mainly determined by aerobic capacity, running economy, and lactate threshold [ 21 ], which are developed by training/practice and also improved with the time spent in practice [ 7 ], and given marathon runners tended to present a higher aerobic resistance and lower muscle power, we hypothesized that marathon athletes were older than half-marathoners. Furthermore, the increase in women participation in running events, in association with changes in society’s beliefs and patterns regarding opportunities for women engagement in sports in the last decades, which allowed them to compete until late ages, we believed that a more prominent trend in changes of peak performance could be observed among female compared to male runners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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No Trends in the Age of Peak Performance among the Best Half-Marathoners and Marathoners in the World between 1997–2020

et al. 2021

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Background and Objectives: We examined the possible trend in the age of peak performance in elite endurance athletes according to sex, continent of athletes’ national citizenship, and ranking position. Since performance is a multifactorial trait, this information can be used to guide the long-term training and to plan the strategies related to the selection process of athletes. Materials and methods: Information of 1852 professional athletes, classified as top 20 performance of each year in marathon and half-marathon events between 1997 and 2020 were considered. Analysis of variance was computed to test differences in age between sex, continent, and rank position. Results: A significant difference between groups in the mean age of peak performance was observed (F (3, 1884) = 42,31; p < 0.001). For both sexes, half-marathoners were younger than marathoners (male, 25.6 ± 3.6 years vs. 28.0 ± 3.9 years; female, 27.5 ± 4.4 years vs. 28.4 ± 4.1). Female half-marathoners in 2004 presented the highest mean age (31.1 ± 4.8 years) compared to their peers in the years 1997, 2001, 2018 and 2019; among male half-marathoners, those in 1999 presented the highest mean age when compared to 2011, 2018, and 2019. Differences between the continents of athletes’ national citizenship were observed (F (4, 1884) = 62,85,601; p < 0,001). Asian runners presented the lowest mean age (26.5 ± 3.7 years), while their European peers presented the highest (31.1 ± 3.9 years). No significant interaction between sex and ranking position was verified. Differences were observed between sexes for categories “4th–10th positions” and “11th–20th” (F (1, 1879) = 23,114; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Over the last two decades, no clear trend was observed in the changes in the age of peak performance among endurance athletes of both sexes, but, in general, female half-marathoners tended to be significantly older than their male peers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Trends in the Age of Peak Performance among the Best Half-Marathoners and Marathoners in the World between 1997–2020

et al. 2021

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“…Complex motor tasks (e.g. running) and known endpoint exercises seem to require more from executive functions that are compromised by sleep deprivation, such as inhibitory control, sustained attention, and working memory (Brick et al, 2016; Lambourne & Tomporowski, 2010; Santos‐Concejero et al, 2020). However, other factors that influence the regulation of endurance performance, regardless of the exercise testing protocol, are also affected by sleep deprivation (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How much does sleep deprivation impair endurance performance? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Lopes

Pereira

Bittencourt

et al. 2022

European Journal of Sport Science

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We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of sleep deprivation on endurance performance, as well as possible effect-modifying factors. Searches were done in Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus on 12 July 2022. We additionally searched the bibliographic references and citations on Google Scholar of the papers whose full text was analyzed. Eligible studies were randomized and non-randomized controlled trials that compared sleep deprivation and habitual-sleep night effects on endurance performance in healthy humans. The studies' quality was examined by the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. We calculated the pooled standardized mean differences (pooled SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) by a randomeffects model. A mixed-effects model analyzed subgroups. Thirty-one studies were analyzed (n = 478), generating 38 effect sizes in full. The overall risk of bias was low in 8% of the studies, unclear in 74%, and high in 18%. Sleep deprivation in general had a moderate negative effect on endurance performance (polled SMD [95%CI] = −0.52 [−0.67; −0.38]). Training status, sleep deprivation magnitude, assessment time, exercise mode, and endpoint type did not influence the sleep deprivation effect, whereas longer exercises (>30 min) were more affected by sleep deprivation than shorter ones (P = 0.035). Therefore, the available evidence supports that sleep deprivation's deleterious effect on endurance performance is of moderate size and depends on exercise duration. This information can be useful to estimate the performance decrement of endurance exercise practitioners under sleep deprivation in training routines and competitions.PROSPERO registration number CRD42021229717. Highlights:. Sleep deprivation causes a moderate deleterious effect on endurance performance.. Sleep deprivation similarly impairs endurance performance in untrained, recreationally-trained, and trained people, but its effect on well-trained and professional endurance athletes is unknown. . One or more nights of partial sleep deprivation or one night of total sleep deprivation similarly compromise endurance performance. Uncertainties about the effect of more than one night of total sleep deprivation warrant more studies. . Sleep deprivation impairs walking, running, and cycling endurance performance regardless of the exercise endpoint being unknown (i.e. incremental or constant load tests) or known (i.e. time trial tests) and assessment time. However, sleep deprivation causes a more deleterious effect on endurance performance in exercises lasting more than 30 min.

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“…VO 2peak that can be sustained for the event distance, and the oxygen (O 2 ) cost of movement (e.g., running/walking economy) [1][2][3][4][5]. Training and nutrition strategies for endurance performance aim to enhance various aspects of these characteristics [6], including ensuring that suitable substrates are able to fuel the event over its entire duration [4,7]. The economy of running or walking represents the relationship between oxygen utilisation and speed of locomotion [8], with a higher economy (lower oxygen cost for a given speed) at event-specific speeds being a better predictor of performance among a group of subelite/elite runners than .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neither Beetroot Juice Supplementation nor Increased Carbohydrate Oxidation Enhance Economy of Prolonged Exercise in Elite Race Walkers

et al. 2021

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Given the importance of exercise economy to endurance performance, we implemented two strategies purported to reduce the oxygen cost of exercise within a 4 week training camp in 21 elite male race walkers. Fourteen athletes undertook a crossover investigation with beetroot juice (BRJ) or placebo (PLA) [2 d preload, 2 h pre-exercise + 35 min during exercise] during a 26 km race walking at speeds simulating competitive events. Separately, 19 athletes undertook a parallel group investigation of a multi-pronged strategy (MAX; n = 9) involving chronic (2 w high carbohydrate [CHO] diet + gut training) and acute (CHO loading + 90 g/h CHO during exercise) strategies to promote endogenous and exogenous CHO availability, compared with strategies reflecting lower ranges of current guidelines (CON; n = 10). There were no differences between BRJ and PLA trials for rates of CHO (p = 0.203) or fat (p = 0.818) oxidation or oxygen consumption (p = 0.090). Compared with CON, MAX was associated with higher rates of CHO oxidation during exercise, with increased exogenous CHO use (CON; peak = ~0.45 g/min; MAX: peak = ~1.45 g/min, p < 0.001). High rates of exogenous CHO use were achieved prior to gut training, without further improvement, suggesting that elite athletes already optimise intestinal CHO absorption via habitual practices. No differences in exercise economy were detected despite small differences in substrate use. Future studies should investigate the impact of these strategies on sub-elite athletes’ economy as well as the performance effects in elite groups.

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Commentaries on Viewpoint: Physiology and fast marathons

Cited by 13 publications

References 113 publications

No Trends in the Age of Peak Performance among the Best Half-Marathoners and Marathoners in the World between 1997–2020

No Trends in the Age of Peak Performance among the Best Half-Marathoners and Marathoners in the World between 1997–2020

How much does sleep deprivation impair endurance performance? A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Neither Beetroot Juice Supplementation nor Increased Carbohydrate Oxidation Enhance Economy of Prolonged Exercise in Elite Race Walkers

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