Commercialized transgenic traits, maize productivity and yield risk

Shi, Guanming; Chavas, Jean‐Paul; Lauer, Joseph G.

doi:10.1038/nbt.2496

Cited by 86 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…Three to five percent increases in yield are fairly standard for differences in maize genotypes (112). However, in order to see this difference in the field, multiple field trials with large numbers of plots must be performed, which becomes very expensive if a large number of different genotypes are tested.…”

Section: The Challenges Of Phenotyping Nitrogen Use Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genetics of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants

et al. 2015

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In the past 50 years, the application of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizer to farmland resulted in a dramatic increase in crop yields but with considerable negative impacts on the environment. New solutions are therefore needed to simultaneously increase yields while maintaining, or preferably decreasing, applied N to maximize the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of crops. In this review, we outline the definition of NUE, the selection and development of NUE crops, and the factors that interact with NUE. In particular, we emphasize the challenges of developing crop plants with enhanced NUE, using more classical genetic approaches based on utilizing existing allelic variation for NUE traits. The challenges of phenotyping, mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and selecting candidate genes for NUE improvement are described. In addition, we highlight the importance of different factors that lead to changes in the NUE components of nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE).

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Section: The Challenges Of Phenotyping Nitrogen Use Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genetics of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants

et al. 2015

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“…Resistance is defined as the occurrence of a phenotype of an individual of the target insect pest that can survive on the Bt-plant and produce viable offspring (Andow, 2008). Susceptibility of target insect pests to plant-produced Bt-proteins is viewed in some jurisdictions as a common good that should be preserved (Glaser and Matten, 2003;Bourguet et al, 2005;Gassmann and Hutchison, 2012) owing to the benefits of Bt-crops (Qaim, 2009;Carpenter, 2010;Hutchison et al, 2010;Areal et al, 2012;Lu et al, 2012;Wan et al, 2012;Haegele and Below, 2013;Shi et al, 2013) and the broader use of sprayable Bt-formulations. Resistance evolution in target insect pests is not considered a direct environmental harm, but the consequences of the establishment of resistant populations may lead to altered pest management practices.…”

Section: 23mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on an application from Pioneer Hi‐Bred International and Dow AgroSciences LLC (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐23) for placing on the market of genetically modified maize 59122 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003

2013

EFS2

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This Scientific Opinion reports on a risk assessment on an application for placing on the market of genetically modified maize 59122 for import and processing for food and feed uses and cultivation. The EFSA GMO Panel considers that maize 59122 is unlikely to have any adverse effect on the environment, except for the possible evolution of resistance to the Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 proteins in coleopteran target pests. The Panel recommends the implementation of appropriate and diversified insect resistance management strategies and case-specific monitoring to delay and monitor the possible evolution of resistance to Cry34Ab1/Cry35Ab1 in coleopteran target pests, respectively. In addition, the Panel recommends revision of the applicants' insect resistance management plan and the proposed post-market environmental monitoring plan. Although maize 59122 is tolerant to glufosinate-ammonium-based herbicides, the Panel did not assess the potential adverse effects associated with the use of such herbicides on maize 59122, as maize 59122 will not be marketed in the European Union as a herbicide-tolerant crop. This Scientific Opinion updates the previous Panel safety evaluation of the food and feed uses, and import and processing of maize 59122 and derived products. The Panel concludes that the information available for maize 59122 addresses the scientific comments raised by Member States and that maize 59122, as described in this application, is as safe as its conventional counterpart and commercial maize varieties with respect to potential adverse effects on human and animal health. If subjected to appropriate management measures, the cultivation of maize 59122 is unlikely to raise safety concerns for the environment.

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“…Stable Cry3Aa expression may have additional benefits, such as decreasing the fluctuation in insect damage from year to year, leading to less variation in growth increment. Analysis of Bt corn revealed a lower degree of annual variation in crop yield, which was attributed to the resistance gene (Shi et al 2013).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bt-Cry3Aa transgene expression reduces insect damage and improves growth in field-grown hybrid poplar

et al. 2014

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The stability and value of transgenic pest resistance for promoting tree growth are poorly understood. These data are essential for determining if such trees could be beneficial to commercial growers in the face of substantial regulatory and marketing costs. We investigated growth and insect resistance in hybrid poplar expressing the cry3Aa transgene in two field trials. An initial screening of 502 trees comprising 51 transgenic gene insertion events in four clonal backgrounds (Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoides, clones 24-305, 50-197, and 198-434; and P. deltoides × Populus nigra, clone OP-367) resulted in transgenic trees with greatly reduced insect damage. A large-scale study of 402 trees from nine insertion events in clone OP-367, conducted over two growing seasons, demonstrated reduced tree damage and significantly increased volume growth (mean 14%). Quantification of Cry3Aa protein indicated high levels of expression, which continued after 14 years of annual or biannual coppice in a clone bank. With integrated management, the cry3Aa gene appears to be a highly effective tool for protecting against leaf beetle damage and improving yields from poplar plantations.Résumé : La stabilité et la valeur de la résistance transgénique aux ravageurs pour favoriser la croissance des arbres ne sont pas bien connues. Ces données sont essentielles si l'on veut déterminer dans quelle mesure de tels arbres transgéniques pourraient être profitables pour des producteurs commerciaux considérant les coûts substantiels reliés à la réglementation et la mise en marché de tels arbres. Les auteurs ont étudié la croissance et la résistance aux insectes de peupliers hybrides exprimant le transgène cry3Aa à l'aide de deux tests au champ. Une première étude de 502 arbres après 51 événements d'insertion du gène transgénique au sein de quatre clones récepteurs (clones 24-305, 50-197 et 198-434 de Populus trichocarpa × Populus deltoides et clone OP-367 de P. deltoides × Populus nigra) a permis de produire des arbres transgéniques qui avaient subi beaucoup moins de dommages dus aux insectes. Une étude à grande échelle de 402 arbres après neuf événements d'insertion chez le clone OP-367 et réalisée pendant deux saisons de croissance a démontré que les arbres avaient subi moins de dommages et avaient une croissance en volume significativement accrue (moyenne de 14 %). La quantification de la protéine Cry3Aa a révélé de forts niveaux d'expression, qui se poursuivaient après 14 ans de recépage annuel ou biannuel dans une banque clonale. Dans un contexte de gestion intégrée, le gène cry3Aa apparaît être un instrument hautement efficace de protection contre les dommages foliaires causés par la chrysomèle du peuplier et d'amélioration du rendement des plantations d'arbres. [Traduit par la Rédac-tion]

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Commercialized transgenic traits, maize productivity and yield risk

Abstract: and collected data. R.A.A. identified and codeveloped the immunogenomics problem, tested the submissions and helped write the manuscript. M.L. and L.B. codeveloped the problem statement and test data. P.-R.L. analyzed and categorized all submission data and helped write the manuscript.

Cited by 86 publications

References 15 publications

The Genetics of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants

The Genetics of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Crop Plants

Scientific Opinion on an application from Pioneer Hi‐Bred International and Dow AgroSciences LLC (EFSA‐GMO‐NL‐2005‐23) for placing on the market of genetically modified maize 59122 for food and feed uses, import, processing and cultivation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003

Bt-Cry3Aa transgene expression reduces insect damage and improves growth in field-grown hybrid poplar

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