Commiphora Extract Mixture Ameliorates Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that affects millions of elderly people around the world. The conventional treatments for OA consisting of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid have negative health consequences, such as gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiac diseases. This study has evaluated the Commiphora extract mixture (HT083) on OA progression as an alternative treatment in animal models. The root of P. lactiflora and the gum resin of C. myrrha have been in use as traditional medicines against many health problems including bone disorders since ancient time. The extracts of P. lactiflora root and C. myrrha gum resin were mixed as 3:1 for their optimal effects. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) into the knee joints to induce the symptoms identical to human OA. HT083 substantially prevented the loss of weight-bearing inflicted with MIA in rats. The MIA-induced cartilage erosion as well as the subchondral bone damage in the rats was also reversed. In addition, the increase of serum IL-1β concentration, a crucial pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in OA progression was countered by HT083. Furthermore, HT083 significantly reduced the acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice. In vitro, HT083 has shown potent anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting the production of NO and suppressing the interleukin -1β, interleukin -6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in lipopolysaccharide -stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Given its potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in MIA rats and acetic acid-induced writhing in mice, HT083 should be further studied in order to explain its mechanism of actions in alleviating OA pain and inflammation.

Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Schisandra chinensis Leaf Extracts and Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats and Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing in Mice

“…The acetic acid-induced writhing test was performed to assess the analgesic effects of SCLE on peripheral pain. Reportedly, acetic acid injection into the peritoneal cavity induces pain by releasing pain mediators, which leads to a writhing response in animals [ 38 ]. In this study, SCLE showed high efficacy in suppressing peripheral pain by inhibiting the acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice in a dose-dependent manner.…”

Fibromyalgia: Recent Advances in Diagnosis, Classification, Pharmacotherapy and Alternative Remedies

“…The analgesic properties of myrrh ( Commiphora myrrha ) have been known since ancient times and depend on the presence of bioactive sesquiterpenes with furanodiene skeletons which are able to interact with the opioid receptors [ 182 , 183 ]. C. myrrha extracts exerted a stronger suppression on carrageenan-induced mice paw edema with significant analgesic effects [ 184 ] and were effective against chronic inflammatory joint disease such as osteoarthritis [ 185 ]. In a preclinical trial, pain alleviation was obtained with C. myrrha extracts for many pathologies [ 186 ], indicating that extracts from this plant may have the potential to treat FM.…”

Experimental Therapeutics for the Treatment of Osteoarthritis

“…Co-treatment of kaempferol and apigenin: collagen IIa1↑, aggrecan↑, SOX-9↑ gene expression. model: ACLT rat [ 148 , 149 ] Krill oil mixture with astaxanthin and HA Serum levels of articular cartilage degeneration biomarkers cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP)↓ and crosslinked C-telopeptide of type II collagen↓, TNF-α↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, mRNA of iNOS↓, COX-2↓, MMP-2 and −9↓, in knee joint tissue, probably via NF-κB model: MIA rat [ 150 ] Olive-derived polyphenols Olive, contains polyphenols: including hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleocanthal and oleuropein anti-inflammatory, with antioxidant and autophagy-enhancing activities (via SIRT1) models: rabbit articular cartilage defect, human trials [ 151 ] Paeonia (P.) lactiflora and the gum resin of C. myrrha Traditional medicines, P. lactiflora root and C. myrrha gum resin, NO↓, iNOS↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, COX-2↓, cartilage erosion and subchondral bone damage↓ model: MIA rat [ 128 ] Phyllanthus emblica Fruit extract, hyaluronidase and collagenase 2 activity↓, chondroprotection model: human OA articular cartilage explants [ 90 ] Quercetin Achyranthes bidentata , (Quercetin, baicalein, and berberine are contained), inhibitors of TNFα and IL-6 signaling, and tumor suppressor protein (TP)53, inflammation↓, apoptosis↓ model: rat chondrocytes+IL-1β [ 129 ] Resveratrol Grape seed extract, inhibits NF-κB signaling, TNFα↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, IL-18↓, caspase-9/3 activity↓, SIRT1↓, PGE2↓ and NO↓, MMP-1↓, -3↓, -13↓, COX-2↓, collagen type II and ACAN restored, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2)↑, hence, it negatively regulates genes involved in apoptosis, cell stress, autophagy, catabolism models: OA articular chondrocytes+IL-1β, MIA rat [ 152 , 153 ] Stinging nettle Stinging nettle, MMP-1↓, MMP-3↓, MMP-9↓ Hypothesized: inhibits NF-κB signaling model: human articular chondrocytes+IL-1β [ 154 ] Sulforaphane …”

“… 8 , 9 , 127 Some agents have been used empirically since centuries, eg, in Chinese traditional medicine (see Table 2 ). 128 More systematical screening has been undertaken to identify novel promising compounds 129 and chemoinformatic recherche exploring suitable compounds based on their putative properties deduced from chemical structure and composition was also applied to identify valuable agents for OA. 8 Nutrigenomics is an additional strategy to find potential therapeutics tailored for individual patients.…”