Commodity risk assessment of Persea americana from Israel

Bragard, Claude; Dehnen‐Schmutz, Katharina; Serio, Francesco Di; Gonthier, Paolo; Jacques, Marie‐Agnès; Miret, Josep Anton Jaques; Justesen, Annemarie Fejer; MacLeod, Alan; Magnusson, Christer Sven; Milonas, Panagiotis; Navas‐Cortés, Juan A; Parnell, Stephen; Potting, Roel; Reignault, Philippe Lucien; Thulke, Hans‐Hermann; Werf, Wopke Van der; Civera, Antonio Vicent; Zappalà, Lucia; Gómez, Pedro; Lucchi, Andrea; Urek, Gregor; Tramontini, Sara; Mosbach‐Schulz, Olaf; Peña, Eduardo de la; Yuen, Jonathan

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6354

Cited by 13 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Reproduction of M. mangiferae is generally parthenogenetic although the occurrence of males at very low rates has been reported (Kasuya, 2000; EFSA, 2021). All stages can walk over the host plant to find a suitable place to settle and feed (Kasuya, 2000).…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant damage might not be obvious in early infestation, but the presence of scales on the plants can be observed. During the crawler stage, infestation is difficult to detect (EFSA, 2021). However, the large amounts of honeydew, which is colonised by sooty mould fungi and cover the fruit and leaves by a thick black mass, is helpful for the detection of the insect.…”

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pest categorisation of Milviscutulus mangiferae

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Milviscutulus mangiferae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccidae), the mango shield scale, for the EU. The native range of M. mangiferae is uncertain. This species occurs widely in tropical and warmer subtropical regions throughout the world. Within the EU, the pest has been recorded in Italy in a greenhouse at the Botanical Garden of Padua on mango trees imported from Florida (USA); however, its establishment remains uncertain. It is not listed in Annex II of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072. It is polyphagous, feeding on plant species belonging to more than 86 genera in more than 43 families including many crop and ornamental plants. It can be a serious pest of mango (Mangifera indica) and an occasional pest of a range of ornamental plants. Economically important crops in the EU such as citrus (Citrus spp.), avocado (Persea americana) and ornamentals such as hibiscus (Hibiscus spp.) and myrtle (Myrtus communis), are included in the host list of M. mangiferae. Reproduction of M. mangiferae is generally parthenogenetic and it completes two to three generations annually. Plants for planting, cut flowers and fruits provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. Climatic conditions in southern EU countries and host plant availability in those areas are conducive for establishment and spread. Establishment could also occur in heated greenhouses in cooler areas of the EU. The introduction of the mango shield scale is expected to have an economic impact in the EU through the reduction in yield, quality and commercial value of fruits and ornamental plants. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry and further spread. M. mangiferae meets the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest.

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Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pest Categorisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Milviscutulus mangiferae

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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“…Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae has been detected in asymptomatic Magnolia candolii (de Silva et al, 2019), Mangifera indica (Johnson et al, 1992) and Terminalia spp. (Begoude et al, 2011).…”

Section: Presence Of Asymptomatic Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Turkey

Bragard¹,

Dehnen‐Schmutz²,

Serio³

et al. 2021

EFS2

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects'. This Scientific Opinion covers the plant health risks posed by 2-year-old grafted bare rooted plants for planting of Juglans regia imported from Turkey, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Turkey. The relevance of any pest for this Opinion was based on evidence following defined criteria. Two EU quarantine pests, Anoplophora chinensis and Lopholeucaspis japonica, and three pests not regulated in the EU, two insects (Garella musculana, Euzophera semifuneralis) and one fungus (Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae), fulfilled all relevant criteria and were selected for further evaluation. For these pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Turkey were evaluated by considering the possible limiting factors. For these pests, an expert judgement was given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pests, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. While the estimated degree of pest freedom varied among pests, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae was the pest most frequently expected on the commodity. The expert knowledge elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that 9,554 or more grafted bare rooted plants per 10,000 will be free from Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae.

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“…The pest categorisation was initiated following the commodity risk assessments of Persea americana from Israel (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021a) and of Juglans regia from Türkiye (EFSA PLH Panel, 2021b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pest categorisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae

Bragard¹,

Baptista²,

Chatzivassiliou³

et al. 2023

EFS2

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The EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, a clearly defined fungus of the family Botryosphaeriaceae, which was first described in 2008 as a cryptic species within the L. theobromae complex. The pathogen affects a wide range of woody perennial crops and ornamental plants causing root rot, damping‐off, leaf spots, twig blight, cankers, stem‐end rot, gummosis, branch dieback and pre‐ and post‐harvest fruit rots. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae is present in Africa, Asia, North and South America and Oceania and has also been reported from Spain with a restricted distribution. However, there is uncertainty on the status of the pathogen worldwide and in the EU because in the past, when molecular tools (particularly multigene phylogenetic analysis) were not available, the pathogen might have been misidentified as L. theobromae. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae is not included in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 and there are no interceptions in the EU. Because of the very wide host range of the pathogen, this pest categorisation focused on those hosts for which there is robust evidence that the pathogen was formally identified by a combination of morphology, pathogenicity and multilocus sequence analysis. Plants for planting, including seeds, fresh fruits and bark and wood of host plants as well as soil and other plant‐growing media are the main pathways for the further entry of the pathogen into the EU. Host availability and climate suitability factors occurring in parts of the EU are favourable for the further establishment of the pathogen. In the area of its present distribution, including Spain, the pathogen has a direct impact on cultivated hosts. multilocus measures are available to prevent the further introduction and spread of the pathogen into the EU. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as potential Union quarantine pest.

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Commodity risk assessment of Persea americana from Israel

Cited by 13 publications

References 95 publications

Pest categorisation of Milviscutulus mangiferae

Pest categorisation of Milviscutulus mangiferae

Commodity risk assessment of Juglans regia plants from Turkey

Pest categorisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae

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