Common Association of HPV 2 with Anogenital Warts in Prepubertal Children

Abstract

Anogenital (AG) warts in 31 prepubertal children were HPV typed by nonisotopic in situ hybridization (NISH) using digoxigenin-labeled probes for human papilloma virus (HPV) types 1-5, 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, and 33. Mode of transmission was determined from historical, clinical, and laboratory data independent of HPV typing. HPV 2 was detected most commonly (13/31 warts) followed by HPV 6 (7/31), HPV 11 (5/31), and HPV 16 (1/31). Although not reaching statistical significance, our results suggested that a mucosal HPV type (6, 11, 16) in a child's AG warts implied transmission from mucosal warts and conversely cutaneous HPV 2 transmission from warts at a cutaneous site. HPV typing provided no helpful information regarding actual mode of transmission of AG warts in these children. The high prevalence of HPV 2 in children's AG warts and the low prevalence of sexual abuse (2 of 31 children) found in this study suggest innocent auto- or heteroinoculation from cutaneous warts may be a common means by which children acquire AG warts.

Distinct regulation and impact of type 1 T‐cell immunity against HPV16 L1, E2 and E6 antigens during HPV16‐induced cervical infection and neoplasia

“…Interestingly, the most immunodominant region of HPV16 L1 that is recognized by healthy subjects in our study is located outside this area and shows predominantly homology with HPV types that are members of the HPV-clade A9 (types 16, 31, 33, 35, 52, 58; Table IV). The total absence of detectable HPV16 L1 peptide-specific T-cell immunity in the group of young virgin female subjects 10-15 years of age, who will have encountered most of the low-risk and skin types of HPV, [37][38][39][40][41][42][43] further indicates that cross-reactivity at the T-cell level does not readily occur between these common HPV types and the high-risk HPV types. The high conservation of HPV16 L1 within the HPV types of clade A9 suggests that L1-specific T-cell cross-reactivity against these group members could occur.…”

“…[38][39][40][41][42][43] The small amounts of blood available from these children necessitated the use of 3 large pools of HPV16 L1 peptides, covering amino acids 1-180, 166-345 and 331-505. The use of pools of 11 peptides will result in some loss of specificity with respect to the exact sequences recognized.…”

Transmissão de verrugas anogenitais em crianças e associação com abuso sexual

“…In addition, anogenital warts in children may be associated with both HPV 6 and 11 as the cutaneous HPV 1 and 2, indicating the likelihood of transmition different from vertical and sexual 44 . HPV7 or 57 infections in chidren show similar difficulty of interpretation, although affect significantly fewer cases 29. Evaluation of colposcopic anogenital warts does not allow to differentiate those arising from sexual abuse from the ones transmitted by other mechanisms.…”

Verrugas anogenitales y sospecha de abuso sexual infantojuvenil

“…3 También se ha postulado que el HPV se puede trasmitir por fomites, ya que se ha detectado ADN del HPV en niñas vírgenes. 27,28 Sin embargo, la detección de ADN de HPV no equivale a un virus vivo o con capacidad infectante y no tiene el mismo significado clínico ni medicolegal que el hallazgo de lesiones clínicas.…”