The article presents measurement uncertainty analysis of accurate one-dimensional measurements with laser interferometers in precise industrial production and in calibration laboratories. To enable high measurement accuracy, environmental conditions shall be well controlled and laser interferometers, including air sensors, shall be calibrated periodically. Additionally, for calibration of measurement instruments and coordinate measuring machines, a positioning system, such as a video probe, shall be evaluated. In the presented research, the influencing parameters were observed on specific cases in laboratory measurement conditions, as examples of calibration systems that are applied in the accredited metrology laboratory (Laboratory for Production Measurement, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering). Through the review of possible error sources, which can be categorized into three groups -instrumental, environmental, and geometrical errors of the measuring system, the uncertainty budget was summarized with the aim to recognize and reduce the most influencing components and reach a proper measurement accuracy in real production environment.