Communication potential of pictorial illustrations

Spaulding, Seth

doi:10.1007/bf02718456

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…This common phenomenon, termed loss aversion, occurs because decision makers tend to place greater weight on losses than on gains. 11 12 When faced with decisions in which the status quo is an option, decision makers value the potential losses from change greater than the potential gains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: prospective trial with repeated measures

Elting

Martin

Cantor

et al. 1999

BMJ

115

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Objective To examine the effect of the method of data display on physician investigators' decisions to stop hypothetical clinical trials for an unplanned statistical analysis. Design Prospective, mixed model design with variables between subjects and within subjects (repeated measures). Setting Comprehensive cancer centre. Participants 34 physicians, stratified by academic rank, who were conducting clinical trials. Interventions Participants were shown tables, pie charts, bar graphs, and icon displays containing hypothetical data from a clinical trial and were asked to decide whether to continue the trial or stop for an unplanned statistical analysis. Main outcome measure Percentage of accurate decisions with each type of display. Results Accuracy of decisions was affected by the type of data display and positive or negative framing of the data. More correct decisions were made with icon displays than with tables, pie charts, and bar graphs (82% v 68%, 56%, and 43%, respectively; P = 0.03) and when data were negatively framed rather than positively framed in tables (93% v 47%; P = 0.004). Conclusions Clinical investigators' decisions can be affected by factors unrelated to the actual data. In the design of clinical trials information systems, careful consideration should be given to the method by which data are framed and displayed in order to reduce the impact of these extraneous factors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: prospective trial with repeated measures

Elting

Martin

Cantor

et al. 1999

BMJ

115

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, the rural population is ignored not only in terms of content but also in terms of code: messages are geared toward urbanites even in the case of agricultural publications. This happens not only in private mass media but also in government-produced massive agricultural communication materials, as has been verified, for instance, by Spaulding 86 in Mexico and Costa Rica, by Ruanova 87 and Magdub 88 in Mexico, by Fonseca and Kearl 89 in Brazil, and by Amaya yd and Gutierrez Sanchez9 1 in Colombia. His analysis of 122 articles in the agricultural pages of four dailies and one rural weekly in Colombia led Gutierrez Sanchez to conclude, "that which may be of direct value in improving agriculture is beyond the comprehension of those who could best use the information.…”

Section: Latin America: the Receiving Optionsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Evolving Perspectives on the Right to Communicate

Richstad¹,

Harms²

1977

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does not stretch between two terminal points, the sender and the receiver; it is a relation between virtual equals.3. In the public circuit, the given information is transmitted by a unitary message (its variations being, in general, reduced to the number of subsystems: radio and television stations, newspapers, etc. ). In the private circuit, however, the given information is transmitted by a multiplicity of messages whose variations are aimed at equalizing the number of people circulating it.4. The private circuit has a larger group of subjects than does the public one, because the first involves personal and group events, and events of social importance, too, whereas the latter conveys only events of social interest. Even when transmitting personal and group events, the public circuit covers events of social significance, by modifying their character in this sense.5. On the other hand, all communication takes more or less explicitly an axiological position to the event that forms its object. A new distinction between the two circuits presents itself: in the private one, the axiological position aims at a maximum disparity, whereas in the public one, following from outer command and a number of general, relatively stable criteria, there is less tendency to disparity.The constant structure of social communication is thus represented by its dissociation into two distinct circuits: the public and the private. The first has a systemic character, made up of steady elements and with relatively coherent functions. The second is based on the interchangeability of main elements, its rules of discharge are less clear, so its systemic character is doubtful. It tends rather to dissolve into the supersocial, global system, including virtually all its members. The importance of this structural organization comes from the fact that it circumscribes the right to communicate. Usually the members of the society have whole access (both as senders and as receivers) to the private circuit, but only partial access to the public one.Politology deals with the political system as though it is a network of informational circuits. This seems to nie a legitimate approach: as long as power is the main factor of social cohesion, communication is the main instrument of power. The prevailing bulk of public communication therefore has a coercive character. By its various formulas, this indicates the degree of the continual disjunction between the social organization and the individuals it integrates. Such historically elaborated forms of integration are war, repression, threat, constraint, manipulation, persuasion, education, and option. Some of these coexist in time or space. The preponderance of some of them characterizes the most distinct epochs, but generally their mixture varies from one epoch or country to another.Our epoch, far from evincing an exquisite delicacy in reconciling individual with society, seems to me distinguished especially by a new qualitative appeal to manipulation. It was not the twentieth century that invented manipul...

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“…In contrast, studies that found multiple-cue communications to be less effective than single-cue communications used cues with no redundancy between them, such as text coupled with unrelated speech. In these studies, the "dueling" cues probably exceeded channel capacity, producing noise that decreased communication efficiency (see Boring, 1950;Carpenter, 1953;Cherry & Taylor, 1953;Hernandez-Peon, 1961;Spaulding, 1956). Severin concluded that studies that found multicue communications to be more effective than single-cue communications used cues that were partially redundant, such as pictures coupled with related narration.…”

Section: The Role Of Multi-cue Messages In Instructional Communicatiomentioning

confidence: 97%

Theoretical foundations for sound's use in multimedia instruction to enhance learning

Bishop¹,

Cates

2001

ETR&D

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Communication potential of pictorial illustrations

Cited by 13 publications

References 1 publication

Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: prospective trial with repeated measures

Influence of data display formats on physician investigators' decisions to stop clinical trials: prospective trial with repeated measures

Evolving Perspectives on the Right to Communicate

Theoretical foundations for sound's use in multimedia instruction to enhance learning

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