Community‐Acquired Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children: Diagnosis and Serotyping by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Blood Samples

Resti, Massimo; Moriondo, Maria; Cortimiglia, Martina; Indolfi, Giuseppe; Canessa, Clementina; Becciolini, Laura; Bartolini, Elisa; Benedictis, Fernando Maria de; Martino, Maurizio de; Azzari, Chiara

doi:10.1086/656579

Cited by 123 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In total, 10% of children admitted to these hospitals were found to have community acquired bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia by real-time PCR. 21 The results are comparable with our results when taking into consideration that Resti and others 21 studied a selected group of patients more likely to be infected with S. pneumoniae. Our study confirmed the importance of S. pneumoniae as a pediatric pathogen in Africa and supports the role of pneumococcal-conjugated vaccination as part of routine vaccines for Africa.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…19,20 The higher RT-PCR method sensitivity compared with blood culture may explain these differences. The work by Resti and others 21 compared the performance of blood cultures and real-time PCR for the detection of S. pneumoniae bacteremia among children admitted with pneumonia to 83 Italian hospitals. Real-time PCR was 30 times more likely to detect S. pneumoniae bacteremia than blood cultures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatable Bacterial Infections Are Underrecognized Causes of Fever in Ethiopian Children

Aarsland

Castellanos-González²,

Lockamy

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Febrile illnesses remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in resource-poor countries, but too often, tests are not available to determine the causes, leading to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. To determine the cause of febrile illnesses, we recovered the malaria smears from 102 children presenting with fever to Soddo Christian Hospital in Wolaitta Soddo, Ethiopia. DNA was isolated from the smears and evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We identified pathogen DNA with probes for Plasmodium spp., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rickettsia spp., Salmonella spp., and Borrelia spp. Overall, we showed that it is possible to isolate high-quality DNA and identify treatable pathogens from malaria blood smears. Furthermore, our data showed that bacterial pathogens (especially Pneumococcus, Rickettsia spp., and Borrelia spp.) are common and frequently unrecognized but treatable causes of febrile illnesses in Ethiopian children. BACKGROUND

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatable Bacterial Infections Are Underrecognized Causes of Fever in Ethiopian Children

Aarsland

Castellanos-González²,

Lockamy

et al. 2012

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…It has been observed that the increase in invasive disease owing to pneumococcal serotypes not included in PCV7 has been temporally associated with an increase in culture-negative empyema [19]. Where there has been extensive use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect pneumococcal DNA in empyema specimens, the role of these non-vaccine types as the leading cause of culture-negative empyema has been clearly established [20,21].…”

Section: The Clinical Spectrum and Burden Of Pneumococcal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

Klugman

2011

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality in children in developing countries and is also the leading infectious cause of death in adults. The most important cause of pneumonia is the Gram-positive bacterial pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus. It has thus become the leading vaccine-preventable cause of death and is a successful and diverse human pathogen. The development of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines has made possible the prevention of pneumococcal disease in infants, but has also elucidated aspects of pneumococcal biology in a number of ways. Use of the vaccine as a probe has increased our understanding of the burden of pneumococcal disease in children globally. Vaccination has also elucidated the clinical spectrum of vaccine-preventable pneumococcal infections; the identification of a biological niche for multiple pneumococcal serotypes in carriage and the differential invasiveness of pneumococcal serotypes; the impact of pneumococcal transmission among children on disease burden in adults; the role of carriage as a precursor to pneumonia; the plasticity of a naturally transformable pathogen to respond to selective pressure through capsular switching and the accumulation of antibioticresistance determinants; and the role of pneumococcal infections in hospitalization and mortality associated with respiratory viral infections, including both seasonal and pandemic influenza. Finally, there has been a recent demonstration that pneumococcal pneumonia in children may be an important cause of hospitalization for those with underlying tuberculosis.

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“…In a recent US study, the most common serotypes associated with empyema was serotype 3 (26.5 %) and 19A (22.4 %), followed by serotypes 7F (14.3 %) and 1 (12.2 %) [76]. Non-PCV7 serotype 1 has been linked to pediatric empyema cases [77,78]. Genotypic analysis using multi-locus sequence typing of pneumococcal serotype 1 isolates have shown that ST 306, a newly detected genotype, emerged after PCV7 implementation whereas STs-227, -228, and -304 were previously existing genotypes [78,79] .…”

Section: Pneumoniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections and Their Treatment

Shetty

Maldonado

2013

Curr Pediatr Rep

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Invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality in resource-rich and low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause a wide spectrum of invasive and non-invasive disease. In resourcerich countries, implementation of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has been a significant public health achievement. Dramatic decrease in pediatric IPD incidence occurred after PCV7 implementation, but emergence of multi-drug-resistant non-vaccine serotypes (especially 19A) remains a concern. The recently introduced 13-valent PCV (PCV13) has the potential to further reduce the burden of IPD due to serotypes not contained in PCV7. Given the diversity of pneumococcal serotypes and the possibility of serotype replacement disease, innovative approaches to development of pneumococcal vaccines are needed. Continued surveillance of pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance is crucial to evaluate the impact of PCV13 vaccine. Improved access to PCVs is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality related to IPD in LMIC.

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Community‐Acquired Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Children: Diagnosis and Serotyping by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Using Blood Samples

Abstract: RT-PCR allows diagnosis and serotyping of pneumococcal bacteremic community-acquired pneumonia in children and is an important tool for evaluating serotype distribution in culture-negative samples.

Cited by 123 publications

References 42 publications

Treatable Bacterial Infections Are Underrecognized Causes of Fever in Ethiopian Children

Treatable Bacterial Infections Are Underrecognized Causes of Fever in Ethiopian Children

Contribution of vaccines to our understanding of pneumococcal disease

Current Trends in Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections and Their Treatment

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