“…The performance of CD-OPGPBA is compared with many state-of-the-art static community detection methods, including ECSD [26], FN [27], GN [28], Meme-net [29], walktrap [31], CNM [32], BGLL [33], MSFCM [34], FMM/H1 [35], Informap [36], LAP_CL [37], TNS-LPA [38], ECES [7], MAGA-net [30], GATHB [39], MOGA [40], ECGA [41], CC-GA [42], MOEA/D [43], VOLUME 10, 2022 DBA [44], ACODCS [45], MPSOA [46], MODPSO [47], DECD [48], CCDECD [49], IDDE [50], CDMFOA [51], Com-MOEA/D [57], CDEMO [52], MDSTA [53], and SOSCD [54]. Here, the first 13 community detection methods adopt the traditional methods to optimize the modularity function, and the other 17 community detection methods adopt the meta-heuristics evolutionary optimization approaches to optimize the modularity function, where GA is employed as an optimization strategy by MAGA-net, GATHB, MOGA, ECGA, CC-GA, and MOEA/D, DE is employed as an optimization strategy by DECD, CCDECD, IDDE, and CDEMO, and BA, ACO, PSO, FOA, STA, and SOS is employed as optimization strategies by the rest of the algorithms, respectively.…”