Commuting physical activity is favourably associated with biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Smith, Lisa von Huth; Borch‐Johnsen, Knut; Jørgensen, Torben

doi:10.1007/s10654-007-9177-3

Cited by 58 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Therefore, some individuals might prefer activities that can be incorporated into daily living activities. Physical activity in transportation to and from work could be such an activity for some individuals, as some might find it less time-consuming and more convenient to be physically active during commuting than at leisure time [11]. We have shown that increased commuting and leisure-time physical activity in the population is likely to have a positive impact on the prevention of diabetes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Commuting and leisure-time physical activity are inversely associated with BMI in the Inter99 Study [11], and prospective studies have shown that physical activity can reduce the risk of diabetes independently of BMI or other measures of overweight/obesity [5,6,[37][38][39][40]. However, physical activity may also reduce total body fat and/or its distribution and facilitate weight maintenance, which indirectly reduces the risk of diabetes [35,[40][41][42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these objective measures are expensive and cumbersome methods that cannot validate physical activity over longer periods [10]. The questionnaire has been shown to be associated with HDLcholesterol and inversely associated with LDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, waist circumference and BMI in the Inter99 Study [11]. Furthermore, our aim was to rank the study population according to level of physical activity and not to study their absolute level of physical activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The answer category 'I do not work at the moment' was assigned the value 0 min as regard to commuting physical activity in order not to exclude participants who did not work from the variable total physical activity. The variable total physical activity was grouped into four categories: 0-2 h/week, 2-4 h/week, 4-7 h/week, and >7 h/week [11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies have classified physical activity into a two or three category variable not analysing dose-response relationships and not focusing on different types of physical activity (leisure, commuting and occupational) [10]. Both commuting and leisure-time physical activity are important from a public-health perspective [11], as both are modifiable and amenable to intervention. A separate consideration of physical activity types is necessary to quantify the potential impact of targeted interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential relationship between physical activity and progression to diabetes by glucose tolerance status: the Inter99 Study

Engberg

Glümer²,

Witte

et al. 2009

Diabetologia

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Aims/hypothesis The aim of the study was to analyse how strongly commuting and leisure-time physical activity affect progression to diabetes and to study whether this relationship is different in individuals with isolated impaired fasting glucose (i-IFG) and isolated impaired glucose tolerance (i-IGT). Methods We studied the incidence of diabetes in 4,031 individuals without diabetes at baseline who participated in the baseline and 5 year follow-up examinations of a population-based primary prevention study, the Inter99 Study. Glucose tolerance status at baseline and at followup were based on OGTTs. Commuting and leisure-time physical activity at baseline were assessed by questionnaire. We present rate ratios from Poisson regression analyses adjusted for relevant confounders. Results The progression rate to diabetes was lower among physically active individuals in the total study population and particularly among those with i-IGT. The associations were attenuated and lost statistical significance after further adjustment for BMI. We observed no impact of physical activity on the progression to diabetes in individuals with i-IFG. Conclusions/interpretation Physical activity was associated with a lower progression to diabetes in the total study population and in individuals with i-IGT, a condition primarily characterised by muscle insulin resistance. Physical activity did not predict progression to diabetes in individuals with i-IFG, a condition primarily characterised by hepatic insulin resistance. Our results suggest that there is a differential relationship between physical activity and progression to diabetes among those with i-IFG and i-IGT. Therefore, clinical trials testing the effect of physical activity on progression from i-IFG to diabetes are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential relationship between physical activity and progression to diabetes by glucose tolerance status: the Inter99 Study

Engberg

Glümer²,

Witte

et al. 2009

Diabetologia

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Active Commuting and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

Gordon‐Larsen¹,

Boone‐Heinonen²,

Sidney³

et al. 2009

Arch Intern Med

237

148

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Background There is little research on the association of lifestyle exercise, such as active commuting (walking or biking to work) with obesity, fitness, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study included 2,364 participants who worked outside the home from 2005–06 of the CARDIA study. Associations between walking/biking to work (self-reported time, distance, and mode of commuting) with: body weight (measured height and weight); obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2); fitness (symptom-limited exercise stress testing); objective moderate-vigorous physical activity (accelerometry); and CVD risk factors [blood pressure (oscillometric systolic and diastolic); and serum measures (fasting measures of lipids, glucose, and insulin)] were separately assessed by sex-stratified multivariable linear (or logistic) regression modeling. Results 16.7% of participants used any means of active commuting to work. Controlling for age, race, income, education, smoking, exam center, and physical activity index excluding walking, men with any active commuting (versus none) had reduced likelihood of obesity (OR=0.50; 95% CI 0.33, 0.76), reduced CVD risk: ratio of geometric mean triglycerides: 0.88 (0.80, 0.98); ratio of geometric mean fasting insulin: 0.86 (0.78, 0.93); difference in mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg):−1.67; −3.20, −0.15)], and higher fitness; mean difference in treadmill test duration {seconds}: 50.0 (31.5, 68.6) in men and 28.8 (11.6, 45.9) in women. Conclusions Active commuting was positively associated with fitness in men and women and inversely associated with body mass, obesity, triglycerides, blood pressure and insulin in men. Active commuting should be investigated as a modality for maintaining or improving health.

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The effect of GWAS identified BMI loci on changes in body weight among middle‐aged danes during a five‐year period

Sandholt

Allin

Toft

et al. 2013

Obesity

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Objective: Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associating with BMI, however, it is un-clarified whether the same variants also influence body weight fluctuations. Methods: Among 3,982 adult individuals that attended both a baseline and a five-year follow-up examination in the Danish Inter99 intervention study, a genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed based on 30 BMI variants to address whether it is associated with body weight changes. Moreover, it was examined whether the effect of lifestyle changes was modulated by the GRS. Results: The GRS associated strongly with baseline body weight, with a per risk allele increase of 0.45 (0.33-0.58) kg (P 5 2.7 3 10 212 ), corresponding to a body weight difference of 3.41 (2.21-4.60) kg comparing the highest ( 30 risk alleles) and lowest ( 26 risk alleles) risk allele tertile. No association was observed with changes in body weight during the five years. Changes in lifestyle, including physical activity, diet and smoking habits associated strongly with body weight changes, however, no interactions with the GRS was observed. Conclusion: The GRS associated with body weight cross-sectionally, but not with changes over a fiveyear period. Body weight changes were influenced by lifestyle changes, however, independently of the GRS.Obesity (2014) 22, 901-908.

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Commuting physical activity is favourably associated with biological risk factors for cardiovascular disease

Abstract: Commuting physical activity, independent of leisure time physical activity, was associated with a healthier level of most of the cardiovascular risk factors. An increase in commuting physical activity in the population may therefore reduce the incidence of CVD.

Cited by 58 publications

References 38 publications

Differential relationship between physical activity and progression to diabetes by glucose tolerance status: the Inter99 Study

Differential relationship between physical activity and progression to diabetes by glucose tolerance status: the Inter99 Study

Active Commuting and Cardiovascular Disease Risk

The effect of GWAS identified BMI loci on changes in body weight among middle‐aged danes during a five‐year period

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