Comorbidities, Associated Diseases, and Risk Assessment in COVID-19—A Systematic Review

Abstract

It is considered that COVID-19’s pandemic expansion is responsible for the particular increase in deaths, especially among the population with comorbidities. The health system is often overwhelmed by the large number of cases of patients addressing it, by the regional limitation of funds, and by the gravity of cases at subjects suffering from this pathology. Several associated conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular illnesses, obesity, persistent lung condition, neurodegenerative diseases, etc., increase the mortality risk and hospitalization of subjects suffering from COVID-19. The rapid identification of patients with increased risk of death from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the stratification in accordance with the risk and the allocation of human, financial, and logistical resources in proportion must be a priority for health systems worldwide.

The spike effect of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines on blood pressure

“…Data accrued over the last 2 years reported that specific comorbidities are associated with increased risk of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and worse outcomes with development of increased severity of lung injury and mortality [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] .…”

Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness of Remdesivir in COVID-19 Treatment during Periods Dominated by Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Variants in Clinical Settings

“…A single amino acid substitution in the polymerase (F548S) has been shown to be responsible for reduced susceptibility to remdesivir at low levels in Ebola virus infection treated with RDV, and given that remdesivir’s point of action is a structurally analogous region of the SARS-CoV-2 virus polymerase, molecular surveillance of this site in COVID-19 patients is recommended due to the possible risk of resistance [ 18 ]. Moreover, the emergence of de novo mutations of RDV resistance has been observed in treated immunocompromised patients [ 19 , 20 , 21 ]. There are different mechanisms through which the resistance to RDV may arise in SARS-CoV-2.…”

Are monoclonal antibodies effective in patients with severe obesity in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected?

“… 3 Indeed, the levels of particular proteins such as chemokines or cytokines are increased in the plasma of patients with obesity due to the secretion of cytokines with inflammatory activity (interleukin‐10, 1 and 6 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha) from adipocytes. 4 …”

“…Furthermore, obese patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 may have a higher mortality rate related to obesity‐related elevated inflammatory cytokines 3 . Indeed, the levels of particular proteins such as chemokines or cytokines are increased in the plasma of patients with obesity due to the secretion of cytokines with inflammatory activity (interleukin‐10, 1 and 6 and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha) from adipocytes 4 …”