Compact 1D-silicon photonic crystal electro-optic modulator operating with ultra-low switching voltage and energy

Shakoor, Abdul; Nozaki, Kengo; Kuramochi, Eiichi; Nishiguchi, Katsuhiko; Shinya, Akihiko; Notomi, Masaya

doi:10.1364/oe.22.028623

Cited by 79 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Particularly, the 1D nanobeam PhC cavity is reasonably preferred as it shows the ability of further compressing the transverse dimension, while keeping a competent Q factor as 2D PhC cavity. This model is theoretically investigated and a high extinction ratio of 8 dB is predicted, with a tiny driving voltage of 0.05 V and an ultra-compact footprint of 6 µm [89]. However, as well known that modulation speed is simultaneously governed by the RC impedance and the photon lifetime, the excessive Q factor (e.g., few millions in [89]) which the high modulation efficiency benefits from has put a ceiling of 3 Gb/s in this configuration.…”

Section: Silicon Photonic Crystal Modulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation on Silicon for Datacom: Past, Present, and Future (Invited Review)

Wang¹,

Huang²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

PIER

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Datacenters become an important part of technical infrastructure. The Datacom traffic grows exponentially to satisfy the demands in IT services, storage, communications, and networking to the growing number of networked devices and users. High bandwidth and energy efficient optical interconnects are critical to improve overall productivity and efficiency in data centers. Mega-data centers are expected to address the power consumption and the cost in which optical interconnects contribute quite a large part. Silicon photonics is a promising platform to offer savings in power and potential increase in bandwidth for Datacom. Several modulation techniques are developed in silicon photonics to reduce the optical mode volume or enhance the light matter effect to further improve the modulation efficiency. Many other materials such as III-V and LiNbO 3 are integrated on silicon photonics to maximize the optical link performance. This paper reviews several modulation techniques for Datacom, from vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) direct modulation to silicon photonics modulators then to hybrid silicon modulators.

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Section: Silicon Photonic Crystal Modulatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation on Silicon for Datacom: Past, Present, and Future (Invited Review)

Wang¹,

Huang²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

PIER

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“…The parallel-plate capacitance (= ε 0 ε InGaAs L abs T j /d j ) is less than 0.2 fF for an absorber length L abs < 3 μm. However, for an ultrasmall junction, the fringing field contribution of the junction also becomes significant, and hence it is important to include the fringe capacitance [21]. This contribution was simulated by the FEM with a full 3-D model excluding the large electrical pads, and the total capacitance exceeded that of the parallel plate model.…”

Section: Device Structure and Capacitancementioning

confidence: 99%

Sub-fF-Capacitance Photonic-Crystal Photodetector Towards fJ/bit On-Chip Receiver

Nozaki

Matsuo

Takeda

et al. 2017

IEICE Trans. Electron.

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SUMMARYAn ultra-compact InGaAs photodetector (PD) is demonstrated based on a photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide to meet the demand for a photoreceiver for future dense photonic integration. Although the PhC-PD has a length of only 1.7 μm and a capacitance of less than 1 fF, a high responsivity of 1 A/W was observed both theoretically and experimentally. This low capacitance PD allows us to expect a resistor-loaded receiver to be realized that requires no electrical amplifiers. We fabricated a resistor-loaded PhC-PD for light-to-voltage conversion, and demonstrated a kV/W efficiency with a GHz bandwidth without using amplifiers. This will lead to a photoreceiver with an ultralow energy consumption of less than 1 fJ/bit, which is a step along the road to achieving a dense photonic network and processor on a chip. key words: photonic crystal waveguide, photodetector, buried heterostructure, optical interconnection

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“…The parallel-plate capacitance is less than 0.2 fF for L abs < 3.4 μm thanks to the ultrasmall dimensions, and is much smaller than those of the Ge-waveguide PDs with 4-5 fF [17,18]. However, for an ultrasmall junction, the fringing field contribution of the junction also becomes significant, and hence it is important to include the fringe capacitance [20]. This contribution was fully simulated by the finite-element method (FEM) with a full 3-D model, and is shown by red plots.…”

Section: Research Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Photonic-crystal nano-photodetector with ultrasmall capacitance for on-chip light-to-voltage conversion without an amplifier

Nozaki¹,

Matsuo²,

Fujii³

et al. 2016

Optica

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The power consumption of a conventional photoreceiver is dominated by that of the electric amplifier connected to the photodetector (PD). An ultralow-capacitance PD can overcome this limitation, because it can generate sufficiently large voltage without an amplifier when combined with a high-impedance load. In this work, we demonstrate an ultracompact InGaAs PD based on a photonic crystal waveguide with a length of only 1.7 μm and a capacitance of less than 1 fF. Despite the small size of the device, a high responsivity of 1 A/W and a clear 40 Gbit/s eye diagram are observed, overcoming the conventional trade-off between size and responsivity. A resistor-loaded PD was actually fabricated for light-to-voltage conversion, and a kilo-volt/watt efficiency with a gigahertz bandwidth even without amplifiers was measured with an electro-optic probe. Combined experimental and theoretical results reveal that a bandwidth in excess of 10 GHz can be expected, leading to an ultralow energy consumption of less than 1 fJ/bit for the photoreceiver. Amplifier-less PDs with attractive performance levels are therefore feasible and a step toward a densely integrated photonic network/processor on a chip.

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Compact 1D-silicon photonic crystal electro-optic modulator operating with ultra-low switching voltage and energy

Cited by 79 publications

References 32 publications

Modulation on Silicon for Datacom: Past, Present, and Future (Invited Review)

Modulation on Silicon for Datacom: Past, Present, and Future (Invited Review)

Sub-fF-Capacitance Photonic-Crystal Photodetector Towards fJ/bit On-Chip Receiver

Photonic-crystal nano-photodetector with ultrasmall capacitance for on-chip light-to-voltage conversion without an amplifier

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