Comparative analysis of cytotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin and exocellular enzymes among clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O139 and non-O1, non-O139

Guhathakurta, B.

doi:10.1016/s0378-1097(99)00441-3

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…All vacuoles stained, indicating that all were strongly acidic and hence of endocytic origin. epidemic but pathogenic V. cholerae strains, but not in putative avirulent environmental strains (19,26). Defective hlyA genes have also accumulated in epidemic (CT-producing) strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Vacuolation Caused by Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin

et al. 2001

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Non-O1 strains of Vibrio cholerae implicated in gastroenteritis and diarrhea generally lack virulence determinants such as cholera toxin that are characteristic of epidemic strains; the factors that contribute to their virulence are not understood. Here we report that at least one-third of diarrhea-associated nonepidemic V. cholerae strains from Mexico cause vacuolation of cultured Vero cells. Detailed analyses indicated that this vacuolation was related to that caused by aerolysin, a pore-forming toxin of Aeromonas; it involved primarily the endoplasmic reticulum at early times (ϳ1 to 4 h after exposure), and resulted in formation of large, acidic, endosome-like multivesicular vacuoles (probably autophagosomes) only at late times (ϳ16 h). In contrast to vacuolation caused by Helicobacter pylori VacA protein, that induced by V. cholerae was exacerbated by agents that block vacuolar proton pumping but not by endosome-targeted weak bases. It caused centripetal redistribution of endosomes, reflecting cytoplasmic alkalinization. The gene for V. cholerae vacuolating activity was cloned and was found to correspond to hlyA, the structural gene for hemolysin. HlyA protein is a pore-forming toxin that causes ion leakage and, ultimately, eukaryotic cell lysis. Thus, a distinct form of cell vacuolation precedes cytolysis at low doses of hemolysin. We propose that this vacuolation, in itself, contributes to the virulence of V. cholerae strains, perhaps by perturbing intracellular membrane trafficking or ion exchange in target cells and thereby affecting local intestinal inflammatory or other defense responses.Many different strains of Vibrio cholerae cause diarrheal disease (6, 7) that, although not as devastating as full-blown cholera caused by epidemic strains (serogroups O1 and O139), imposes a major burden on human health, especially in developing countries (31, 41). A hallmark of epidemic V. cholerae strains is production of cholera toxin (CT), a protein that provokes a massive outpouring of body fluids directly into the intestine. The genes for CT biosynthesis are absent from most nonepidemic V. cholerae strains.Although epidemic cholera had been absent from the Americas for more than a century, it suddenly reappeared in Peru in 1991 and then quickly spread to neighboring countries (40). Soon thereafter epidemic cholera caused by the new O139 serogroup appeared in South Asia. This had particularly devastating consequences, since the new O139 strains afflicted adults with partial immunity to the previously dominant O1 strains, as well as young and immunologicaly naive children who depended on them. Given these new threats to public health, the National Institute for Diagnoses and Reference in Mexico (INDRE) began a surveillance program for O139 strains in 1993, in the event that they might also arrive in Mexico (17). Although antibody-based tests for serogroup O1 strains were well established, no such tests for O139 strains were available in Mexico at that time. Our group in Mexico therefore elected to screen cultures ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Vacuolation Caused by Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin

et al. 2001

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“…The antibiotic susceptibilities of test strains were determined with Mueller-Hinton agar without added NaCl by the disk diffusion method of Bauer et al (5) Detection of gene sequences by PCR. The presence or absence of the following gene sequences was determined by PCR methods reported previously: ctx (13), rfb (13), toxR (13), tcpA (21), pTLC (4), and rtxA and rtxC (8). The ctx, rfb, and toxR sequences were detected with the multiplex PCR protocol (13), and other gene sequences were detected individually.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The O serotypes of V. cholerae strains are usually determined by agglutination tests with specific antisera, but O1 and O139 strains, in particular, can also be identified by PCR methods targeted to the rfb gene, which is involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis (13). This genetic method is useful because the rough variants of toxigenic strains (R strains) that are probably derived from O1 and O139 strains were isolated from patients with cholera-like diarrhea (29).…”

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confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx⁺Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia

Chen

Shimada

Elhadi

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Of 97 strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from various seafoods in Malaysia in 1998 and 1999, 20 strains carried the ctx gene and produced cholera toxin. Fourteen, one, and five of these toxigenic strains belonged to the O139, O1 Ogawa, and rough serotypes, respectively. The rough strains had the rfb gene of the O1 serotype. The toxigenic strains varied in their biochemical characteristics, the amount of cholera toxin produced, their antibiograms, and the presence or absence of the pTLC plasmid sequence. DNA fingerprinting analysis by arbitrarily primed PCR, ribotyping, and a pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method classified the toxigenic strains into 3, 7, and 10 types, respectively. The relatedness of these toxigenic strains to clinical strains isolated in other countries and from international travelers was examined by using a dendrogram constructed from the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles. The results of the examination of the antibiogram and the possession of the toxin-linked cryptic plasmid were consistent with the dendrogram-based relatedness: the O139 strains isolated from Malaysian seafoods could be separated into two groups that appear to have been introduced from the Bengal area independently. The rough strains of Malaysian seafood origin formed one group and belonged to a cluster unique to the Thailand-Malaysia-Laos region, and this group may have persisted in this area for a long period. The single O1 Ogawa strain detected in Malaysian seafood appears to have an origin and route of introduction different from those of the O139 and the rough strains.Vibrio cholerae strains that carry the ctx genes in the CTX genetic element can produce cholera toxin (CT), and these strains are termed toxigenic strains. Toxigenic strains are responsible for cholera epidemics. Water is recognized as the most important vehicle for cholera transmission. In addition, outbreaks of food-borne cholera have been noted quite often in the past 30 years; seafood, including molluscan shellfish, crustaceans, and finfish, are most often incriminated in foodborne cholera cases in many countries (1, 35). However, the ctx genes are rarely detected in V. cholerae strains isolated from environmental samples, including seafood, that are not implicated in outbreaks. V. cholerae strains belonging to the O1 and O139 serotypes almost exclusively carry the ctx genes, and the O serotype is often used as a marker for the toxigenic strains. However, there are atypical environmental strains that possess the ctx genes. For example, a DNA probe study carried out in Japan revealed that 26.6% of the V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from imported seafood and none of the V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from the natural water carried the ctxA gene (28). On the other hand, a DNA probe study showed that a small percentage of environmental strains of V. cholerae non-O1 had the ctx gene (31).Outbreaks of cholera due to the El Tor biotype of the O1 serotype occur periodically in Malaysia (26,40), and this poses a public health problem if the seafoo...

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“…Production of hemolysin and surface hemagglutinins of pathogenic bacteria, are important virulence determinants as they may serve as recognition and invasion molecules in cell-cell interaction affecting the host-pathogen relationship (Guhathakurta et al, 1999;Singh et al, 2001;Chatterjee et al, 2009). It has been demonstrated that non-O1 V. cholerae adheres and invades the epithelial cells of gut mucosa and starts its multiplication (Nishibuchi et al, 1983).…”

Section: Pathogenicity Of Non-o1 V Choleraementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemolysin of V. cholerae is suggested to be a virulence factor contributing towards pathogenesis (Nagamune et al, 1995). Guhathakurta et al (1999) purified a bifunctional hemolysin-phospholipase C molecule from non-O1 V. cholerae (O139) showing enterotoxic activity, as shown by fluid accumulation in the ligated rabbit ileal loop and in the intestine of suckling mice (Pal et al, 1998).…”

Section: Pathogenicity Of Non-o1 V Choleraementioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Moroccan Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

Oufdou¹,

Mezrioui²

2012

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria - A Continuous Challenge in the New Millennium

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Comparative analysis of cytotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin and exocellular enzymes among clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O139 and non-O1, non-O139

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Cell Vacuolation Caused by Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin

Cell Vacuolation Caused by Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx⁺Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia

Occurrence, Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Moroccan Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

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Comparative analysis of cytotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin and exocellular enzymes among clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O139 and non-O1, non-O139

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Cell Vacuolation Caused by Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin

Cell Vacuolation Caused by Vibrio cholerae Hemolysin

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx+Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia

Occurrence, Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenicity of Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Moroccan Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics and Epidemiological Significance ofctx⁺Strains ofVibrio choleraeIsolated from Seafood in Malaysia