Comparative Analysis of Natural and Mining-Induced Seismo-Acoustic Pulses

Ivanova, G. M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0124-1_18

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Symbols indicate reports on the following animals: catfish, eels, other fish, frogs, snakes, turtles, sea birds, chickens, other birds, dogs, cats, deer, horses, cows, rats, and mice. Data are nonsystematic and collected from many sources [Kilian, 1964;van Hentig, 1923;Simon, 1975;Lee et al, 1976;Academia $inica, 1977a, b;Shaw, 1977;Rikitake, 1978a, b;Tributsch, 1978 [Fix, 1972;Savino et al, 1972], microearthquakes [Brune and ,,lllen, 1967], atmospheric infrasound during convective storms [Wenz, 1962;Beasley et al, 1976], rock burst in mines, background levels [Ivanova, 1966], and acoustic emissions during rock microfracturing in laboratory studies [Scholz, 1968a].…”

Section: Patterns In the Behavior Phenomenamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthquake precursors may include acoustic waves generated by the formation of preliminary cracks. Geophones in boreholes have recorded sound pulses of 300-1200 Hz during fissure formation in coal [Ivanova, 1966] Although some researchers question whether it is possible to extrapolate the results of laboratory rock fracturing to large-scale events in the earth's crust, laboratory studies do provide information regarding physical changes occurring in rocks undergoing stress. Laboratory experiments on the microfracturing of rock confirm that even higher frequency sig-nMs are generated by rocks undergoing stress or deformation.…”

Section: Sounds and Vibrations (Foreshocks)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unusual animal behavior before earthquakes: A review of possible sensory mechanisms

Buskirk¹,

Frohlich²,

Latham³

1981

Reviews of Geophysics

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To determine whether reports of unusual animal behavior before earthquakes are plausible, we have compared these reports with recent laboratory studies of animal sensory thresholds. Our major conclusion is that some animals are much more capable than humans of perceiving certain kinds of geophysical stimuli which may precede earthquakes. These geophysical stimuli are seismic or acoustic waves at low frequency (below 50 Hz), electric field changes, and olfactory stimuli. For example, recent studies suggest that some birds and fish are more sensitive than humans to sounds with frequencies below 40 Hz, and many animals are exceptionally good at perceiving low‐frequency vibrations through their skin. Certain fish are sensitive to electric field changes as small as 10−5 V/m, and some laboratory mammals also respond to significantly weaker fields than humans. For these electric and acoustic stimuli the reported levels of geophysical precursors are within the reported perceptible range of some animals which show unusual behavior prior to earthquakes. In addition, stimuli caused by the release of gases from small cracks may well be perceived by some animals before earthquakes. Recent research has confirmed the remarkable olfactory sensitivity of some animal species, but no quantitative comparisons with geochemical precursors can be made yet. We find no evidence that magnetic field precursors or precursory high‐frequency (above 10 kHz) sounds are the cause of unusual animal behavior before earthquakes. Although some animals are highly sensitive to these stimuli, observed magnetic precursors tend to be of low amplitude amid relatively high noise levels, and high‐frequency sound is severely attenuated within a short distance from the earthquake hypocenter. Knowledge of animal sensory capabilities may suggest an instrumental strategy for detecting earthquake precursors. We recommend further geophysical research in seismic areas to measure (1) seismic waves in the frequency range 10–50 Hz, (2) earthquake‐related electric field changes and air ionization, and (3) coseismic or preseismic release of trapped gases other than radon. Further biological research can refine our understanding of (1) responses to sounds and vibrations with frequencies below 50 Hz, (2) the effects of electrical and electrostatic changes on animal behavior, (3) behavioral responses to odors, and (4) sensory capabilities of common domestic animals like horses, dogs, and chickens, which are seldom studied but commonly mentioned in the preearthquake reports.

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