Comparative biotransformation of luteolin and apigenin from the flower extract and the stem‐and‐leaf extract of Dendranthema morifolium Ramat. Tzvel. in rats

Abstract

BACKGROUND The flower of Dendranthema morifolium Ramat Tzvel has been widely used as a nutritional health supplement worldwide. However, most of the studies have focused on the flower and the rest of the plant was neglected. Our hypothesis is that similar flavonoids may be present at different parts of D. morifolium, and the flavonoids may undergo a similar biotransformation pathway within the body. To investigate this hypothesis, an in vivo pharmacokinetic experimental model was developed to explore the comparative biotransformation of luteolin and apigenin after administration of D. morifolium extracts (10 g kg−1, p.o.) in freely moving rats. Because luteolin and apigenin mainly underwent phase II metabolism, the metabolic enzymes of β‐glucuronidase/sulfatase or β‐glucuronidase were used to hydrolyze the plasma sample, depending on the biotransformation pathway involved. RESULTS The results revealed that luteolin and apigenin mainly went through glucuronide and sulfate conjugations, respectively, in both the extract of flowers and the stem‐and‐leaf group. In addition, the area under the concentration curve (AUClast) of luteolin glucuronides and sulfates in the group administered the stem‐and‐leaf extract was approximately 4.6 times higher than that of the flower extract group. The dominant products of biotransformation for apigenin were sulfates. CONCLUSION These findings support our hypothesis that not only the flower parts of D. morifolium, but also the stem‐and‐leaf parts contain rich flavones, including glycosides and aglycone, and they undergo similar biotransformation pathways. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

Recent advancement in bioeffect, metabolism, stability, and delivery systems of apigenin, a natural flavonoid compound: challenges and perspectives

“…The phase II metabolism of apigenin mainly involves glucoaldehyde and sulfur acidification ( 60 ). In the process of metabolism, the principal biochemical metabolites of apigenin are luteolin as well as sulfated and glucuronic acid conjugates ( 19 ). Apigenin is excreted in the urine and feces, with higher concentrations in urine ( 69 ).…”

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effectsof Chrysanthemum Stem and Leaf Extract on Zebrafish Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model

“…Studies have also shown that chrysanthemum polysaccharide can improve colitis and functional constipation in rats by regulating intestinal microbes [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 ]. While the chrysanthemum stem and leaf contain the main chemical components that are similar to chrysanthemum, including flavonoids, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, volatile oils and terpenoids [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], it is reported that the chrysanthemum stem regulates gastrointestinal function [ 27 , 28 ]. However, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and the mechanisms of the chrysanthemum stem and leaf are rarely elucidated.…”

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant for chrysanthemum stem and leaf in zebrafish inflammatory bowel disease model and identification of the bioactive compositions by UPLC-TQ/MS

“…Studies have also shown that chrysanthemum polysaccharide can improve colitis and functional constipation in rats by regulating intestinal microbes [17][18][19][20] . Its main bioactive components include flavonoids, polysaccharides, phenolic acids, volatile oils and terpenoids [21][22][23] , and the main chemical components in chrysanthemum stem and leaf are very similar to chrysanthemum, so it is speculated that chrysanthemum stem and leaf have similar functions in regulating gastrointestinal function 24,25 . Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a tropical ornamental fish belonging to the Genus Danil of cyprinidae.…”