“…There are various natural sources for hydroxyapatite scaffolds which include deproteinized bovine bone, porcine bones, eggshell waste, and woods [ 8 ]. In addition, marine sources offers a wide range of natural sources for extracting hydroxyapatite such as coral, bone fish, fish scales, seashells, nacres, and cuttlefish bones [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. As the world population increases, the waste from consumption of seafood delicacies also increases.…”