Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater

Liu, Huan; Rosten, Trond; Henriksen, Kristian; Hognes, Erik Skontorp; Summerfelt, Steven T.; Vinci, Brian J.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2016.01.001

Cited by 112 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This is still evolving aquacultural production technology and its economic feasibility is still dependant on many factors like production market price, management techniques, system design and capacity, etc. (Badiola et al, 2012;Malone, 2013;Liu et al, 2016). Scientific research and engineering efforts are oriented towards reducing costs of the production raised in RAS at the same time to ensure the sustainability of this production method (Aquaetreat, 2007;SustainAqua, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste and Its Characterization in Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Systems – A Review

Mongirdas¹,

Žibienė

Žibas

2017

Journal of Water Security

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Abstract. Just like every economic activity, aquaculture has a particular effect on environment, which manifests itself due to waste through declining quality of subterranean water and eutrophication of surrounding surface water. Less than half of the feed in aquaculture is digested and assimilated, the rest ending up as waste either solid or dissolved and the nutrients phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) that are derived from fish excretion, faeces, and uneaten feed. The advantage of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is that their wastewater discharges are 10-100 times lower and pollutant concentration respectively 10-100 times higher and can reach the level of pollution of household waste. This makes the pollution much easier to control. Additionally, striving to ensure and improve the stability and longevity of RAS, additional technological solutions, warranting the reduction of the amount of used water, waste concentration increase and their secondary utilization as bio stock are added. This article presents the research information from the engineering perspective, summarizing RAS design sensitive data concerning aquacultural waste components excreted in RAS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste and Its Characterization in Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Systems – A Review

Mongirdas¹,

Žibienė

Žibas

2017

Journal of Water Security

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“…Take the on‐site electricity use as an example. Compared to the concept‐level salmon RAS farming in the United States with a maximum stocking density of 80 kg/m 3 and eFCR of 1.09 (Liu et al., ), electricity use in the Chinese case (eFCR 1.45) increased by 38% at the baseline stocking density of 24.2 kg/m 3 and decreased by 20% at the design stocking density of 45 kg/m 3 . According to the electricity use data reported by Ayer and Tyedmers (), the Chinese case (baseline) accounted for 56% of the land‐based, flow‐through Atlantic salmon farm (stocking density 38 kg/m 3 , eFCR 1.17) and 33% of the recirculating Arctic char farm (stocking density 73 kg/m 3 , eFCR 1.45) in Canada.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Liu et al. () compared an open net‐pen system in Norway with a hypothetical land‐based RAS in the United States for producing Atlantic salmon, focusing on economic performance and carbon footprint. Due to few published LCA studies on recirculating salmonid fish farming, it becomes difficult to systematically assess the environmental impacts of salmon farmed in RAS, as well as to benchmark the materials and energy requirements of RAS with other salmon farming methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life cycle assessment of recirculating aquaculture systems: A case of Atlantic salmon farming in China

Song

Liu

Pettersen

et al. 2019

J of Industrial Ecology

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Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are an alternative technology to tackle the major environmental challenges associated with conventional cage culture systems. In order to systematically assess the environmental performance of RAS farming, it is important to take the whole life cycle into account so as to avoid ad hoc and suboptimal environmental measures. So far, the application of life cycle assessment (LCA) in aquaculture, especially to indoor RAS, is still in progress. This study reports on an LCA of Atlantic salmon harvested at an indoor RAS farm in northern China. Results showed that 1 tonne live‐weight salmon production required 7,509 kWh farm‐level electricity and generated 16.7 tonnes of CO2 equivalent (eq), 106 kg of SO2 eq, 2.4 kg of P eq, and 108 kg of N eq (cradle‐to‐farm gate). In particular, farm‐level electricity use and feed product were identified as primary contributors to eight of nine impact categories assessed (54–95% in total), except the potential marine eutrophication (MEU) impact (dominated by the grow‐out effluents). Among feed ingredients (on a dry‐weight basis), chicken meal (5%) and krill meal (8%) dominated six and three, respectively, of the nine impact categories. Suggested environmental improvement measures for this indoor RAS farm included optimization of stocking density, feeding management, grow‐out effluent treatment, substitution of feed ingredients, and selection of electricity generation sources. In a generic context, this study can contribute to a better understanding of the life cycle environmental impacts of land‐based salmon RAS operations, as well as science‐based communication among stakeholders on more eco‐friendly farmed salmon.

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“…Land-based RAS use large, circular concrete tanks arranged in modules on land. There has been heightened interest recently in this concept, particularly in the US, so as to be able to grow salmon close to the market, which makes it favourable compared to open-net marine facilities in terms of energy saved on long-haul, cold-chain transport of harvested fish needed for the latter to reach the markets (Liu et al, 2016). Because in this set-up, the tanks are land-based, they must be located in proximity to an adequate supply of either groundwater or seawater.…”

Section: Closed Containment Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applicability of a food chain analysis on aquaculture of Atlantic salmon to identify and monitor vulnerabilities and drivers of change for the identification of emerging risks

Marvin

Bouzembrak

Asselt

et al. 2019

EFSA Supporting Publications

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The objective of Aquarius project was to test the applicability of a food chain analysis on Atlantic salmon farmed in Norway to identify and monitor vulnerabilities and drivers of change for the identification of emerging risks. To this end, a comprehensive literature review was conducted complemented with expert views collected by on‐line questionnaires and in‐depth interviews. This review provided an overview of the various stages in the supply chain from farm to consumer and the identification of i) existing and emerging human and animal health hazards, ii) vulnerabilities, iii) control measures, iv) drivers of change, and v) related indicators. Next step in the study was to i) complement the list of vulnerabilities followed by a prioritisation using focus group discussions and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) method and ii) link drivers of change acting upon the (prioritised) vulnerabilities and identification of associated indicators and data sources by means of a Delphi method. Based on the experiences obtained with the different methodologies during this project, the Aquarius team considers literature review, and a direct face‐to‐face interaction with experts (in‐depth interviews, focus group discussions and FMEA in a workshop setting) as being most effective regarding output and effort. The comprehensive information collected formed the basis for the methodology to baseline key indicators of the selected vulnerabilities. The methodology proposed comprised a Bayesian Network (BN) that links data sources for indicators and drivers of change to the prioritised vulnerabilities and was demonstrated for salmon health. A Decision Support System (DSS) with such BN integrated was designed. The current BN and DSS could flag an increased exposure of known hazards that may occur due to changes in indicators but new hazards are not identified. The proposed methodology could be used instead to show trends in vulnerabilities, indicators, increased exposure of known hazards and for scenario studies.

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Comparative economic performance and carbon footprint of two farming models for producing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): Land-based closed containment system in freshwater and open net pen in seawater

Cited by 112 publications

References 20 publications

Waste and Its Characterization in Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Systems – A Review

Waste and Its Characterization in Closed Recirculating Aquaculture Systems – A Review

Life cycle assessment of recirculating aquaculture systems: A case of Atlantic salmon farming in China

Applicability of a food chain analysis on aquaculture of Atlantic salmon to identify and monitor vulnerabilities and drivers of change for the identification of emerging risks

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