Comparative efficacy of an indigenous ‘inactivated vaccine’ using highly pathogenic field strain of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis ‘Bison type’ with a commercial vaccine for the control of Capri-paratuberculosis in India

Dose Standardization Studies of 'Indigenous Vaccine' for the Control of Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis in Naturally Infected Goats

“…Vaccine has been able to reduce the shedding of bacilli in feces, decrease the number of clinically positive animals and markedly increase productivity (Singh et al, 2007a). Vaccine prevented conversion of sub-clinically infected animals becoming clinical shedders .…”

“…In India, first vaccine against JD was developed at Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Makhdoom (Singh et al, 2007a), using highly pathogenic native 'Indian Bison Type' bio-type of MAP strain 'S 5' (Singh et al, 2013c) of goat origin. Using this strain, two batches of indigenous inactivated vaccine at the dose rate of 2.5 mg and 5.0 mg wet weight of culture per milliliter was suspended in Gerbu adjuvant (Gerbu Biotechnik, Germany) and mixed properly after inactivation at 72 0 C for 2 hours in water bath.…”

“…Treatment of JD is both expensive and impractical (Harris and Barletta, 2001), therefore, vaccination is the only promising way in controlling JD. Development of indigenous vaccine for commercial exploitation is underway and in earlier studies on 'indigenous vaccine' (Singh et al, 2007a;Singh et al, 2013c;Singh et al, 2013d) though showed good response when used in herds/flocks of goats, sheep, cattle and buffaloes, however, the dose rate of 2.5 and 5.0 mg per animal in small and large ruminants, respectively for lifetime were accrued from the International literature (Perez et al, 1995). During trials of vaccine in cattle with poor nutrition status, cows exhibited increase in shedding of MAP at around 8 months post vaccination after showing decrease in shedding up to 8 months after vaccination (personal observations).…”

Diva technology: indispensable tool for the control of Johne’s disease

“…Vaccination is a cost-effective strategy for paratuberculosis containment (Singh et al, 2007;Juste & Perez, 2011;Bush et al, 2008;Dhand et al, 2013). Vaccination reduces morbidity & mortality due to JD, reduces shedding of MAP in feces, improves clinical signs (reduces diarrhea & increases body weight), cures intestinal lesions and enhances flock immunity to JD (Singh et al, 2007;Singh et al, 2010b;Singh et al, 2013). Studies have confirmed that vaccination not only reduces the prevalence of JD but also has economic benefits to farmers (Groenendaal et al, 2015).…”

“…Another indirect benefit of paratuberculosis vaccination is that there is some degree of cross protection for tuberculosis (de Val et al, 2012). Both killed and live attenuated vaccines have the same efficiency in controlling paratuberculosis (Singh et al, 2007) however, killed vaccines have longer shelf life and are safer. (Meeusen et al, 2007).…”