Comparative evaluation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) levels of Interleukin-34 levels in periodontally healthy and in patients with chronic and aggressive periodontitis- A cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background and objectivesProinflammatory cytokines appear to have a central role in the destruction of periodontal tissues. By binding to Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κb (RANK) on osteoclast progenitor cells, these cytokines are locally responsible for the activation of bone resorbing osteoclasts differentiation and function. Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a proinflammatory cytokine derived from the osteoblasts and plays an important role in osteoclastogenesis. The present study was carried out to assess the levels of IL-34 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF) in periodontally healthy patients, chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis.Materials and methodA total of 90 patients were recruited in the study and were divided into 3 groups: Periodontally healthy patients (Group I), Chronic periodontitis (Group II) and Aggressive periodontitis (Group III). Clinical Parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment levels were recorded and GCF samples were collected at baseline for the assessment of IL-34 levels in all the three groups. IL-34 levels were calculated using Enzyme-Linked Immune-Sorbent Assay (ELISA).ResultsThe mean GCF levels of IL-34 in Group I was 47.22 ± 18.04 pg/ml, Group II was 103.76 ± 26.61 pg/ml and in Group III was 191.71 ± 49.24 pg/ml. The mean GCF IL-34 level was found to be higher in Group III followed by Group II and Group I. The IL-34 levels correlated with clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, clinical attachment levels. But correlation with probing depth and clinical attachment level were significantly higher in Group III followed by Group II and Group I.Interpretation and conclusionThe study demonstrated higher levels of IL-34 in aggressive periodontitis when compared with chronic periodontitis. IL-34, a novel diagnostic marker which was found to be at higher level in GCF of aggressive and chronic periodontitis patients.

Value of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Levels of Biomarkers IL-1 β, IL-22 and IL-34 for the Prediction of Severity of Periodontal Diseases and Outcome of Non-Surgical Periodontal Treatment

“…They reported that IL-34 levels decreased after periodontal therapy performed non-surgically 38 . Opposite to our result, Parichaya et al demonstrated highest levels of IL-34 in AgP when compared with CP and periodontally healthy groups 39 .…”

The M-CSF receptor in osteoclasts and beyond

“…Mechanistically, it has been shown that IL-34 could promote rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) to produce IL-6, which increased the level of Th17 and further advanced RA 152 . Furthermore, IL-34 levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with either chronic or aggressive periodontitis were higher than those of healthy controls 153 . Finally, IL-34 levels in the serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA) correlated with the radiographic and symptomatic severity of OA 154 .…”

“…Administration of anti-CSF1R antibodies suppresses osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in both serum-induced inflammatory arthritis and TNFα-induced inflammatory ostelysis 122 . Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, prevents and treats arthritis induced by type II collagen antibody (CAIA) and collagen-induced arthritis 153 , 168 . Imatinib also suppresses CSF1R expression 169 and enhances mature osteoclast apoptosis.…”

Does thyroid dysfunction influence inflammatory mediators in experimental periodontitis?

“…The synthesis of TNF-α in gum tissue can activate another cytokine, IL-1 (Pan et al 2019), which is a system of three cytokines: IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra and two receptors R 1 and R 2 (Aleхandrov 2014). It has been shown that the progression of GP in peri- odontal tissues and GCF, increases the content of IL-1 (Zyablov et al 2011;Batra et al 2019). Its increased secretion probably disrupts the mechanisms of inverse relationship that limit inflammation, leading to the formation of massive pockets in the gingival sulcus and degradation of periodontal tissue (Tsarev et al 2013).…”