Comparative evaluation of the toxicological effect of silver salt (AgNO₃) and silver nanoparticles on Cyprinus carpio synthesized by chemicals and marine algae using scanning electron microscopy

Abstract

The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) results in the unintentional release into the water body. Therefore, understanding of the potentially harmful impacts of AgNPs and Ag‐salt on aquatic animals is a need of time. This study was design to analyze the oxidative stress and histopathological damages in Cyprinus carpio. The synthesis of AgNPs from Halymenia porphyraeformis and by reduction of chemical was done. Nanoparticles were characterized with UV–Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The comparative toxicological effect of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ch‐AgNPs), green silver nanoparticles (Gr‐AgNPs), and Ag‐salt on C. carpio was analyzed. For oxidative stress analysis, different tests Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase, glutathione reduction (GST), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) were performed. The highest LPO 245.168 ± 0.034 was recorded in Ch‐AgNPs‐treated gills and the lowest 56.4532 ± 0.02 was found in Gr‐AgNPs‐treated liver. Maximum GSH 56.4065 ± 0.13 was observed in Gr‐AgNPs liver and minimum 40.781 ± 0.54 was recorded in Ag‐salt gills. The maximum quantity of catalase 68.0162 ± 0.09 was noted in the Ag‐salt‐treated liver and the minimum was calculated 17.3665 ± 0.01 in the liver of Ch‐AgNPs and highest values of GST 765.829 ± 0.11 were recorded in gills of Gr‐AgNPs and lowest 633.08 ± 0.26 in the liver of Ch‐AgNPs‐treated fish. In conclusion, maximum destruction was found in the gills and liver of the fish treated with chemical and green AgNPs followed by Ag‐salt as compared to control. The adverse effects of AgNPs and Ag‐salt were probably related to the oxidative stress in the fish that lead to histopathological damage of its vital organs.

Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Chemical and Green Synthesis Method and Its Toxicity Evaluation against Pathogenic Bacteria Using the ToxTrak Test

“…The percentage inhibition of invitro toxicity of chemical and biological synthesized Ag/Au NPs was investigated in this study, and it was discovered that biological synthesized both Ag/AuNPs are less toxic, more friendly and biocompatible to human gut microbial community probiotics as compared to chemical synthesized Ag/AuNPs. Our findings corroborate previous research, which found that CH-AgNPs are more toxic than Bio-AgNPs from different plant species and algae [68][69][70][71].…”

Microscopic analysis of plant‐mediated silver nanoparticle toxicity in rainbow trout fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

“…Similarly, another study has revealed that 7/21 fish were died in 96 hours after exposure to AgNPs (Haghighat et al, 2021). Another recently conducted study has revealed the highest mortality at 1.5 mg/L, in which all common carp fish died in the experiment (Liaqat et al, 2021). In our study case, there was no mortality on the lowest concentration of AgNPs.…”

“…It has been suggested that when fish is exposed to various kinds of toxins or toxic environments, that might show influence on fish and their tissue in the sense of bioaccumulation and histopathological alterations (Ibrahim, 2015). The accumulation of silver nanoparticles in gills and liver leads to oxidative stress in fish (Liaqat et al, 2021). Nowadays, nanotechnology is being used to manage fish diseases and being applied for controlling fish diseases (Fuentes‐Valencia et al, 2020), because of its broad anti‐protozoal activity (Allahverdiyev et al, 2011), and anti‐bacterial activity (Kakakhel et al, 2019).…”

Palynomorphological diversity among the Asteraceous honeybee flora: An aid to the correct taxonomic identification using multiple microscopic techniques

“…Besides, the melissopalynological significance of these species, further studies are needed to check the effects of various plant parts extract and powder on animals for its therapeutic potential, hepatic disorders, histology, growth performance and as a supplement in the fish diet by following the previously published literature (Andriamialinirina et al, 2020; Irm et al, 2020; Taj et al, 2020, 2020, 2021). Furthermore, SEM has been recommended to be used in the diverse field of biological sciences (Liaqat et al, 2021; Iqbal et al, 2020; Rubab et al, 2021) for various research purposes.…”