Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Propulsion Systems for Heavy-Duty Transport Applications

Simons, S.; Azimov, Ulugbek

doi:10.3390/en14113079

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This tendency is also observed in other previous studies [23,35,59]. However, the life cycle emissions structure is different for EV and CNG vans; while operation emissions are high for CNG vans compared to production emissions values, in EVs, it is quite the opposite [50,54]. This trend is observed in the distribution of emissions in scopes 2 and 3.…”

Section: Research Findings Summarysupporting

confidence: 83%

Electrification of Last-Mile Delivery: A Fleet Management Approach with a Sustainability Perspective

Castillo,

Álvarez

2023

Sustainability

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Light commercial vehicles that operate in last-mile deliveries are significant contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, carbon footprint mitigation actions have become a key issue for companies involved in urban freight transport to put the organization in line with the future EU legislative framework. In this sense, the electrification of the delivery fleets is one of the actions carried out to improve the sustainability of transport operations. To this end, fleet managers have to explore several fleet renewal strategies over a finite planning horizon, evaluating different types of electric powertrains for light commercial vehicles. To address this concern, this paper presents a purpose-built analysis to assist and boost the fleet managers’ decisions when transitioning to electrified vans, intending to maximize cost savings and reduce corporate greenhouse gas emissions inventory. The model developed for this research work is a Multi-Objective Linear Programming analysis for the optimization of the total cost of ownership and the organizational transport-related emissions reported from all scope categories according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol standards. This analysis is applied to three types of electric vans (battery electric, hydrogen fuel cell, and range extender hybrid electric/hydrogen fuel cell), and they are compared with an internal combustion van propelled with natural gas. From this perspective, the conducted research offers a novel approximation to fleet replacement problems considering organization emission reporting and long-term budgetary objectives for vehicles and their respective refueling infrastructure. The comprehensive numerical simulations carried out over different study scenarios in Spain demonstrate that the optimization approach not only shows effective fleet renewal strategies but also identifies critical factors that impact the fleet’s competitiveness, offering valuable insights for fleet managers and policymakers. The findings indicate that in Spain, battery electric and hydrogen range extender light commercial vehicles stand as a competitive option. Substituting a natural gas-powered van with an electrified alternative can reduce an organization’s inventory emissions by up to 77% and total costs by up to 24%. Additionally, this study also points out the influence of energy supply pathways and the emissions from relevant scope 3 categories.

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Section: Research Findings Summarysupporting

confidence: 83%

Electrification of Last-Mile Delivery: A Fleet Management Approach with a Sustainability Perspective

Castillo,

Álvarez

2023

Sustainability

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“…Research results showed that the life-cycle primary energy consumption varied due to differences in hydrogen pathways. Moreover, Simons and Azimov found that fuel cells could reduce emissions by 34-87% compared with ICEV systems, depending on the source of hydrogen used [42].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission from HEV, PHEV and BEV for China in the Past, Present and Future

Wang

Song

et al. 2022

Energies

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In order to fulfill the commitment of China to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060, all industries have been taking their respective carbon reduction actions. The transportation industry accounts for 11% of CO2 emission of the whole society, and its energy conservation and carbon reduction benefit is of great significance to the national carbon reduction process. New energy vehicles are undoubtedly one of the most important means of carbon emission reduction in the transportation sector. However, electric vehicles still have CO2 emissions, as the fossil fuel use comes from upstream power. To systematically and comprehensively evaluate the CO2 emissions of HEV, PHEV and BEV in the whole process, this study introduces the life-cycle method to research on the past and current situations, and predict future scenarios for ICEV and EV light-duty vehicles at the national and regional levels, by deeply analyzing the generation mix and generating efficiency from the WTT stage, and fuel economy from the TTW stage. The study shows that compared with ICEV, HEV and PHEV could reduce around 30% of CO2 emissions. Currently, BEV could reduce 37% of CO2 emission in the region where the proportion of coal-fired power is high, and 90% of CO2 emission in the region where the proportion of hydro power is high. This study discusses the impact of the proportion of renewable energy application on the carbon emissions from electric vehicles, analyzes the environmental benefits of promoting electric vehicles in different regions, and lays a foundation for the promotion strategy of electric vehicles for different regions in the future.

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“…Additionally, it is shown that there is an emission-cost correlation and there is a cost increase for reducing fleet emissions (Zhao et al, 2016;Lemme et al, 2019;Desantes et al, 2021). Furthermore, the life cycle emissions structure is different for EV and CNG vans, while utilization emissions are high for CNG vans compared to production emissions values, in EVs is quite the opposite (Simons and Azimov, 2021;Buberger et al, 2022). Additionally, it is important to consider the energy supply infrastructure investments for using electrified vans in actual commercial fleets (Schiffer et al, 2021;Alp et al, 2022).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrification of Last-Mile Delivery: A Fleet Management Approach with a Sustainability Perspective

Castillo,

Álvarez

2023

Preprint

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Carbon footprint mitigation actions have become a key issue for companies involved in urban freight transport. The electrification of the delivery fleets is one of the crucial sustainable actions carried out. To this end, it is necessary to explore several fleet renewal strategies over a finite planning horizon evaluating different types of electric powertrains for light commercial vehicles. The primary goal of this purpose-built analysis is to assist and boost the fleet managers' decisions when transitioning to alternative-fuelled vans, intending to maximize cost savings and reduce greenhouse gas emissions inventory. The model presented in this work is a Multi-Objective Linear Programming hybrid analysis taking into account the vehicle and energy supply infrastructure costs and the emissions reported in each inventory scope following the Greenhouse Gas Protocol sustainability guidelines. From this perspective, the conducted research offers a novel approximation to fleet management problems enabling a break-down cost analysis and an evaluation of the annual emissions company report. The comprehensive numerical simulations carried out over different study scenarios in Spain demonstrate that the optimization approach does not only show effective fleet renewal strategies but also identifies critical factors that impact the fleet's competitiveness, offering valuable insights for fleet managers and policymakers to meet carbon footprint reductions in a cost-effectively way.

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Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Propulsion Systems for Heavy-Duty Transport Applications

Cited by 9 publications

References 18 publications

Electrification of Last-Mile Delivery: A Fleet Management Approach with a Sustainability Perspective

Electrification of Last-Mile Delivery: A Fleet Management Approach with a Sustainability Perspective

Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Consumption and CO2 Emission from HEV, PHEV and BEV for China in the Past, Present and Future

Electrification of Last-Mile Delivery: A Fleet Management Approach with a Sustainability Perspective

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