Comparative Mammalian Cell Toxicity of N-DBPs and C-DBPs

Abstract

In order to generate a quantitative, direct comparison amongst classes of drinking water disinfection by-products (DBPs), we developed and calibrated in vitro mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays to integrate the analytical biology with the analytical chemistry of these important environmental contaminants. The generated database demonstrates the universality of the comparative toxicity of iodo-> bromo->> chloro-DBPs across different structural DBP classes and the substantially greater toxicity of nitrogen-containing DBPs (N--DBPs) compared to carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs). These results are important in light of the generation of iodinated--DBPs and N-DBPs that may result from the use of alternative disinfectants.

Effect of medium-pressure UV-lamp treatment on disinfection by-products in chlorinated seawater swimming pool waters

“…HANs are the most toxic group investigated in this study (Plewa et al, 2008) and have also been reported as contributing most in terms of toxicity to chlorinated pool water (Kramer et al, 2009). Cimetiere and De Laat (2014) reported an increase in the concentration of dichloroacetonitrile and bromochloroacetonitrile via the post-UV chlorination of freshwater pools, which is similar to the findings in this study in relation to seawater pools.…”

“…Seawater contains high concentrations of bromide which resulted in a high fraction of brominated DBPs that are generally more toxic than their chlorinated analogs (Muellner et al, 2007;Plewa et al, 2008).…”

“…Furthermore, it is also known that brominated DBPs are more toxic than the chlorinated DBP (Manasfi et al, 2017b;Muellner et al, 2007;Plewa et al, 2008). …”

Disinfection and DBPs removal in drinking water treatment: A perspective for a green technology

“…Until now, many DBPs (bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, and bromate) have been proved to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals at elevated doses (Plewa et al, 2008). Some DBPs (bromodichloromethane, chlorite, and some haloacetic acids may as well produce unfavorable reproductive or developmental influences in laboratory animals.…”

The role of aromatic precursors in the formation of haloacetamides by chloramination of dissolved organic matter

“…and haloacetamides (HAcAms) are more cytotoxic and genotoxic (i.e., up to 2 orders of magnitude) 60 than non-nitrogenous molecules such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) 61 (Plewa et al, 2008). Nitrogen in N-DBPs can also be derived from chloramines when used as 62 disinfectants.…”