Comparative measurements of resistance to insecticides in three closely‐related old and new world bollworm species

Abstract

Toxicity measurements were made with three closely‐related Bollworm species, Heliothis virescens F., Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Helicoverpa armigera (Huebner) using insecticides of 3 different chemical classes. Tests were carried out by a leaf‐dip method using neonate larval stages, a topical application test on 3rd larvae, and a topical test with imagines. H. armigera populations from Ivory Coast, Turkey, Thailand, and India were obtained and investigated. H. virescens originated from the USA and Colombia, and H. zea from Guatemala and Nicaragua. Resistance was expressed in all species, the sensitive reference strains having similar LC50s in tests with monocrotophos, profenofos, thiodicarb, and methomyl. Since resistance appeared not to be a quality related to species but rather a feature common to all of the samples investigated, its origin must be connected with the type of cotton culture and the selection pressure they were subjected to in their respective agro‐ecosystem. Resistance was highest for monocrotophos and cypermethrin in Central American countries, differences in the treatment regime being reflected by the resistance levels attained. In all stages tested, resistance was sufficiently well expressed to make a monitoring system based on neonate larvae, the 3rd larval stage, or imagines of the species possible. The final decision as to which should be used for a general, comparative monitoring system, therefore, should be governed by the technical parameters of the testing process.

Real-Time PCR Analysis of Pyrethroid Resistance in Helicoverpa armigera from Turkey

“…Similar report was followed by Ernst & Dittrich [13]. Then, resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin and esfenvalerate were reported in the Adana and Antalya strains of H. armigera [8].…”

Resistance to insecticides in Heliothine Lepidoptera: a global view

“…Pyrethroids became available for use in cotton in the late 1970s and early 1980s and were very extensively used, to the exclusion of other products. Very substantial resistance to cypermethrin in the tobacco budworm was noted from 1985 and has been documented by Ernst & Dittrich (1992) and con¢rmed by McCa¡ery (1994).…”

“…These pyrethroids were always mixed or rotated with organophosphate insecticides in an e¡ort to prevent or delay resistance in bollworms (Alaux et al 1997). Ernst & Dittrich (1992), in a comparative survey of resistance in heliothines around the world, could ¢nd no evidence for resistance to pyrethroids in the Ivory Coast. Vassal et al (1997) con¢rmed that before 1992 there was no change in resistance to pyrethroids but in subsequent years susceptibility decreased and by 1995 and 1996 signi¢cant resistance was recorded.…”

“…Although signi¢cant changes in susceptibility had been noted in the Imperial Valley of California in the early 1980s (Twine & Reynolds 1980;Martinez-Carrillo & Reynolds 1983), these were not considered to have led to any ¢eld failure. The ¢rst reports of signi¢cant resistance appeared in 1985 in west Texas (Plapp & Campanhola 1986) and these were quickly followed by a range of similar ¢ndings throughout the cotton-belt states of the southern USA, including Alabama (Mullins et al 1991), Arkansas (Plapp et al 1987(Plapp et al , 1990), Louisiana (Leonard et al 1988;Plapp et al 1990;, Mississippi (Luttrell et al 1987;Plapp et al 1990;Elzen et al 1992;Ernst & Dittrich 1992), Oklahoma (Plapp et al 1990) and Texas (Plapp et al 1987(Plapp et al , 1990). In many cases this resulted in considerable cross-resistance between pyrethroids and this was thought to imply the presence of a target-site mechanism of resistance (Martin et al 1992;Graves et al 1993;Sparks et al 1993).…”

Efficacy of various pyrethroid structures against a highly metabolically resistant isogenic strain of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from China

“…Observation of cross‐resistance patterns in Pakistani field populations of H. armigera showed that alpha‐cypermethrin was more highly resisted than zeta‐cypermethrin 41. Similarly, in field strains of H. virescens from Colombia and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) from Guatemala and Nicaragua, ‘high‐ cis ’ cypermethrin (80/20 ratio of cis/trans isomers) was more highly resisted, with factors of 90‐, 134‐ and 49‐fold respectively, than ‘normal’ cypermethrin (40/60 ratio of cis/trans isomers) which was resisted with factors of 45‐, 53‐ and 14‐fold respectively 42. A detailed investigation of the biological activity of cyfluthrin isomers in resistant strains of P. xylostella and H. virescens provides further support for higher resistance to cis isomers and lower resistance to trans isomers 43.…”