Comparative Morphology of the Stinger in Social Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

Abstract

The physical features of the stinger are compared in 51 species of vespid wasps: 4 eumenines and zethines, 2 stenogastrines, 16 independent-founding polistines, 13 swarm-founding New World polistines, and 16 vespines. The overall structure of the stinger is remarkably uniform within the family. Although the wasps show a broad range in body size and social habits, the central part of the venom-delivery apparatus—the sting shaft—varies only to a modest extent in length relative to overall body size. What variation there is shows no apparent correlation with social habits. This is consistent with the hypothesis that stinger size is constrained by the demands of a flight-worthy body. The sting lancets bear distinct, acute barbs in all examined species except in members of the Stenogastrinae. Barbs vary considerably among species in number, their summed lengths, and the relative degree of serration (summed length relative to lancet width). Where they are numerous and strong, it increases the likelihood of the stinger remaining fatally embedded in the skin of a vertebrate adversary (sting autotomy). Although an index that combines the number and strength of barbs is a more natural measure of overall serration, the number of barbs alone is almost as good a predictor of the likelihood of sting autotomy. Across the family as a whole, the tendency to sting autotomy is concentrated in the swarm-founding New World polistines.

The Lights and the Shadows of Controlled Sting Challenge With Hymenoptera

“…In the case of wasps (Photograph 2B), when the patient notices the sting, the insect should be forcibly held against the forearm for 30 continuous seconds so that sufficient venom is injected because usually the wasp does not leave the stinger embedded although in some cases Vespula spp. it does [25]. Thus, the wasps may normally make several stings in the forearm moving the abdomen.…”