Comparative nutrition and metabolism: Explication of open questions with emphasis on protein and amino acids

Baker, David H.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0509317102

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The diets within this series of experiments contained 0.34 to 0.35% Cys. Cystine is considered to be the limiting amino acid in Met-supplemented C-SBM diets (Baker, 2005). The readily available Gly along with Met might be responsible for meeting the broiler's need for Cys by way of conversion to Ser.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactive effects of glycine, total sulfur amino acids, and lysine supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance and serum uric acid and urea concentrations in broilers

2009

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Four experiments were conducted to determine the interactive effects of Gly, TSAA, and Lys in corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance of broilers. All experiments were conducted with female Ross x Ross 308 or 708 broilers in brooder batteries from 0 to 18 d posthatching. Treatments had 5 to 8 replications with 5 or 6 broilers per replicate pen. Diets in all experiments were fed without or with Gly (2.32% total Gly + Ser). All diets contained 0.25% l-Lys.HCl except in experiment 1, where no crystalline Lys was added. In experiment 1, the total dietary Lys level was 1.26% with TSAA:Lys of 0.72 and 0.76. Increasing TSAA:Lys increased (P < 0.07) G:F. The main effect of Gly was not significant for ADG, ADFI, or G:F; however, G:F was increased by Gly in broilers fed 0.72 but not in those fed 0.76 TSAA:Lys (Gly x TSAA:Lys, P < 0.03). In experiment 2, the total dietary Lys level was 1.26% with TSAA:Lys of 0.51, 0.68, 0.72, and 0.76. Glycine addition did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F; however, increasing TSAA:Lys linearly increased (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F and the response was quadratic for ADG and G:F. Experiment 3 was similar to experiment 2 except the total dietary Lys level was 1.35%. Glycine addition increased (P < 0.03) G:F and decreased (P < 0.04) serum uric acid (SUA) and serum urea N concentrations. Also, increasing TSAA:Lys linearly and quadratically (P < 0.02) increased ADG, ADFI, and G:F. In experiment 4, broilers were fed 2 levels of total dietary Lys (1.26 and 1.35%), 3 levels of TSAA:Lys (0.72, 0.76, and 0.80), and without or with Gly supplementation up to a total of 2.32% Gly + Ser. Glycine addition increased ADG (P < 0.02) and G:F (P < 0.01). The increase in G:F with Gly was not the same for all TSAA:Lys (Gly x TSAA:Lys, P < 0.07). Increasing Lys increased (P < 0.01 to 0.10) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Glycine addition increased ADG and ADFI more in broilers fed 1.35% Lys than in those fed 1.26% Lys (Lys x Gly, P < 0.09). Glycine addition increased SUA in broilers fed 1.26% Lys but decreased SUA in broilers fed 1.35% Lys (P < 0.01). Glycine addition decreased SUA in broilers fed the TSAA:Lys of 0.80 but not at the other TSAA:Lys (P < 0.08). These data indicate that Gly increased G:F and decreased SUA in diets with 1.35% Lys and excess TSAA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interactive effects of glycine, total sulfur amino acids, and lysine supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance and serum uric acid and urea concentrations in broilers

2009

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“…According to their metabolic demand, they may be redirected to the supply of energy or to the synthesis of protein or of other nitrogen compounds. According to Baker (2005), the issue of priority in the functional synthesis is an area of nutrition that is not fully understood yet for many amino acids that have important precursor functions: Arg in the synthesis of proteins, creatine, nitric acid, proline, and polyamines; tyrosine in the synthesis of proteins, catecholamines, tyrosine, and melanin; tryptophanin the synthesis of proteins, serotonin, and niacin, and glycine in the synthesis of proteins (contractible proteins and collagen), creatine, and uric acid. …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on broiler breeder egg production and hatchability

Silva¹,

Murakami²,

Fernandes³

et al. 2012

Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic.

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This study investigated the effects of arginine (Arg) supplementation on broiler breeder egg production and egg quality. Male (30) and female (360) Ross ® breeders, totaling 390 birds, were studied. A completely randomized design with five Arg levels (0.943%, 1.093%, 1.243%, 1.393%, 1.543% digestible Arg) and six replicates of 12 females and one male per experimental unit was applied. The following performance and egg quality were evaluated: lay percentage, albumen and yolk contents, average egg weight, egg specific gravity, and eggshell percentage and thickness. Hatchability and and embryo mortality were also determined. The applied dietary digestible Arg levels quadratically influenced egg production (p<0.05), with the highest production obtained when 1.262% digestible Arg was supplemented. Egg weight linearly increased (p<0.05) with digestible Arg dietary level; however, egg specific gravity linearly decreased (p<0.05). Hatchability was not affected (p<0.05) by digestible Arg level. The supplementation of broiler breeder diets with Arg improved egg production and egg weight without any effect on hatchability. Further research is needed to determine the effect of dietary Arg supplementation on the performance of the progeny.

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“…The EAA must be supplemented in the diet in adequate amounts because their carbon skeletons are not synthesized in vivo [1,2]. Alternatively, inter-organ metabolism of amino acids in the body leads to the de novo synthesis of NEAA [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such limitations are: [1] the extensive degradation of both EAA and NEAA by the small intestine and extra-intestinal tissues, [2] the obligatory use of amino acids for the production of nonprotein nitrogenous substances, and [3] age-dependent decline in muscle MTOR activity. Furthermore, the traditional classification of amino acids as nutritionally essential or nonessential has major conceptual limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and physiological bases for utilization of dietary amino acids by young Pigs

Rezaei

Wang

et al. 2013

J Animal Sci Biotechnol

127

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Protein is quantitatively the most expensive nutrient in swine diets. Hence it is imperative to understand the physiological roles played by amino acids in growth, development, lactation, reproduction, and health of pigs to improve their protein nutrition and reduce the costs of pork production. Due to incomplete knowledge of amino acid biochemistry and nutrition, it was traditionally assumed that neonatal, post-weaning, growing-finishing, and gestating pigs could synthesize sufficient amounts of all "nutritionally nonessential amino acids" (NEAA) to support maximum production performance. Therefore, over the past 50 years, much emphasis has been placed on dietary requirements of nutritionally essential amino acids as building blocks for tissue proteins. However, a large body of literature shows that NEAA, particularly glutamine, glutamate, arginine and proline regulate physiological functions via cell signaling pathways, such as mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, Jun kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and NEAA-derived gaseous molecules (e.g., nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide). Available evidence shows that under current feeding programs, only 70% and 55% of dietary amino acids are deposited as tissue proteins in 14-day-old sow-reared piglets and in 30-day-old pigs weaned at 21 days of age, respectively. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the roles and dietary requirements of NEAA in swine nutrition. This review highlights the basic biochemistry and physiology of absorption and utilization of amino acids in young pigs to enhance the efficacy of utilization of dietary protein and to minimize excretion of nitrogenous wastes from the body.

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Comparative nutrition and metabolism: Explication of open questions with emphasis on protein and amino acids

Cited by 40 publications

References 67 publications

The interactive effects of glycine, total sulfur amino acids, and lysine supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance and serum uric acid and urea concentrations in broilers

The interactive effects of glycine, total sulfur amino acids, and lysine supplementation to corn-soybean meal diets on growth performance and serum uric acid and urea concentrations in broilers

Effects of dietary arginine supplementation on broiler breeder egg production and hatchability

Biochemical and physiological bases for utilization of dietary amino acids by young Pigs

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