“…Therefore, they are used in applications that require high levels of local energy dissipation, such as liquid-liquid dispersions (Carrillo De Hert and Rodgers, 2017;Håkansson et al, 2016;Jasińska and Bałdyga, 2017;O'Sullivan et al, 2018), de-agglomeration of particles (Bałdyga et al, 2008a;Özcan-Taşkın et al, 2016;Padron et al, 2008), chemical reactions (Bałdyga et al, 2007;Jasińska et al, 2016). These devices have attracted more attention in the recent decades with more focus on the flow field in the mixer head and\or solid-liquid and liquid-liquid dispersion processes through both experimental (Padron et al, 2008;Özcan-Taşkin et al, 2011;Hall et al, 2013;O'Sullivan et al, 2017) and numerical studies (Orciuch et al, 2006;Bałdyga et al, 2008b;Özcan-Taşkın, et al 2011;Hakansson and Innings, 2017;Zhang et al, 2017).…”