Fluorescent molecular switches have widespread potential for use as sensors, material applications in electro-optical data storages and displays, and superresolution fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate that adjustment of fluorophore properties and environmental conditions allows the use of ordinary fluorescent dyes as efficient single-molecule switches that report sensitively on their local redox condition. Adding or removing reductant or oxidant, switches the fluorescence of oxazine dyes between stable fluorescent and nonfluorescent states. At low oxygen concentrations, the off-state that we ascribe to a radical anion is thermally stable with a lifetime in the minutes range. The molecular switches show a remarkable reliability with intriguing fatigue resistance at the single-molecule level: Depending on the switching rate, between 400 and 3,000 switching cycles are observed before irreversible photodestruction occurs. A detailed picture of the underlying photoinduced and redox reactions is elaborated. In the presence of both reductant and oxidant, continuous switching is manifested by ''blinking'' with independently controllable on-and off-state lifetimes in both deoxygenated and oxygenated environments. This ''continuous switching mode'' is advantageously used for imaging actin filament and actin filament bundles in fixed cells with subdiffraction-limited resolution.electron transfer Í molecular switch Í sensor Í single-molecule spectroscopy M olecular switches are single-molecule devices, and hence they are key building-blocks for future, bottom-up nanotechnological devices in computers, data storages, (bio-) sensors, and displays. Furthermore, they are exciting molecules for triggered drug-release or for superresolution imaging (1-3). Molecular switches possess at least 2 stable states and can be converted between these states by external stimuli. These external stimuli can essentially be any kind of physical or chemical trigger, such as light, electricity, or certain chemical reactions. Fluorescence is a preferred transduction mechanism because of its ease of noninvasive detection with ultimate sensitivity (i.e., single-molecule sensitivity). For future devices and for superresolution microscopy, it is also important that the molecular switches can be operated at the level of single molecules. This requirement imposes further demands with respect to reliability, reproducibility, response time, and fatigue resistance. Although the single-molecule approach provides detailed information about the properties and mechanisms, only a few examples of fluorescent switches have been demonstrated (4, 5). Among the fluorescent switches, there are systems that use 2 different wavelengths for switching (photoswitchable molecules) (6-13), those that switch the efficiency of photoinduced electron transfer (14, 15) and those that respond to pH changes (15,16).Here, we show that based on a detailed understanding of their photophysics, ordinary, fluorescent dyes can act as single-molecule switches and sensors. By adapting...