Comparative phytotoxicity of several nitrification inhibitors to soybean plants

Abstract

an effective instrument of transfer from soil to animal tissue.Interpretation of data for chromium, lead, and nickel content of the animal tissues with respect to application of sludge to the soil on which the greens were grown is difficult because of contamination of the diets mentioned above. Excretion of all three of these metals in the feces was much higher in rats fed diets containing 50% of dried greens than in those fed the standard diet in spite of the fact that dietary differences in chromium and nickel content were relatively small. This along with high excretion rates for other elements may indicate a general laxative effect (and consequent reduction in mineral absorption) associated with the high level of dried plant material in the diet. SUMMARYApplication of sewage sludge to the land resulted in growth of turnip greens at least as vigorous as that obtained with conventional fertilizer (NPK). Total ash content of above-ground plant material was higher in greens grown on sludge than in those grown on NPK and was higher with the high application sludge (HSS) than with the lower level (LSS). Inclusion of the dried material as 50% of the total weight of diets fed to weanling rats had some adverse effects on growth performance. This result could be due to decreased digestibility and/or a laxative effect of the greens. The only differences in rat tissue content of the elements analyzed that appeared to be attributable to sludge treatment were elevated levels of cadmium in liver and kidney.

Evaluating the ecotoxicity of nitrification inhibitors using terrestrial and aquatic test organisms

“…However, several studies with DCD applied to growth media for a longer period of time, like greenhouse and growth chamber experiments, indicate that phytotoxic effects such as leaf chlorosis, reduced biomass and necrotic patches might occur. Maftoun and Sheibany [20] describe such effects for soybean (at 40 ppm DCD in the soil) grown in a greenhouse in alluvial calcareous silty clay loam, and Reeves and Touchton [28] studied corn, cotton and grain sorghum in a pot experiment with Norfolk sandy loam. Furthermore, Macadam et al [19] described a yield reduction of around 16% for white clover at the recommended DCD application rate (25 kg ha −1 ) in a laboratory experiment.…”

Use of Symbiotic Fungi to Reduce the Phytotoxic Effect of DCD Nitrification Inhibitors in Lettuce

“…A combined sample of a sandy loam soil (from 0 to 25 cm layer) was collected from the surface horizon of the Mohaghegh Ardabili University Campus farm and then physicochemically characterized: 68% sand, 20% silt, 12% clay, 1.2% organic matter, 0.05% total N, 7 mg kg −1 available P, 35 mg/kg available K, 0.7 mg/kg total Cd, a pH of 7.3, and 1.3 ds m −1 EC. Then, DCD powder (Sigma-Aldrich, Burlington, MA, USA) was added to the surface of 1 kg of air-dried soil samples to provide the following concentrations: 0, 5, 50, and 100 mg kg −1 soil [13]. Soil amended with inhibitors was thoroughly mixed to achieve a homogeneous DCD soil concentration.…”