Comparative rain measurements and rain‐gage performances on a steep slope adjacent to a pine stand

Abstract

In this study, measurements from two rows of rain gages, extending outward along contours from the edge of a pine plantation on a steep slope, showed that the 45 foot‐high trees influenced the amount of rain reaching the ground for a distance not exceeding 34 ft from the edge of the plantation. Seven types of rain‐gaging installations were tested for accuracy on a windy, 40 per cent slope, including three types of shielding, gages exposed with the orifice horizontal and with orifice tilted parallel to the slope. Best results were obtained with tilted, shielded gages, but tilted, unshielded gages were only slightly less accurate for the conditions encountered. Shielding of untilted gages proved much less effective than tilting unshielded gages, although superior to a conventionally exposed gage, unshielded and with orifice horizontal. It was demonstrated again that the conventional installation is unsuitable for accurate rain gaging on windy slopes.

The Influence of Shade and Litter of Pine on Evaporation from a Clay Loan Soil at Berkeley, California

“…The combined effect of meteorological factors other than rain was indicated by the measurements of evaporation from a free water surface in standard \Veather Bureau pans, one under the pines and the other in the grassland. Rainfall, interception and stemftow in this area have been reported previously (Anderson and Kittredge 1953, Hayes and Kittredge 1949and Kittredge, Loughead, and Mazurak 1941.…”

Some Statistical Aspects of Sampling Throughfall Precipitation in Nutrient Cycling Studies in British Columbian Coastal Forests

“…Troughs have also been used, in an attempt to integrate microvariability (e.g., Clarke 1940, Kittredge et al 1941, Storey and Hamilton 1943, Hayes and Kittredge 1949, Hamilton and Rowe 1949, Goodell 1952, and Reigner ( 1964) claimed that with appropriate care in design and establishment, trough gauges are the most efficient type of gauge. They have generally been round, being either standard rain gauges, funnels, or buckets.…”

“…They have generally been round, being either standard rain gauges, funnels, or buckets. Troughs have also been used, in an attempt to integrate microvariability (e.g., Clarke 1940, Kittredge et al 1941, Storey and Hamilton 1943, Hayes and Kittredge 1949, Hamilton and Rowe 1949, Goodell 1952, and Reigner ( 1964) claimed that with appropriate care in design and establishment, trough gauges are the most efficient type of gauge. Helvey and Patrie ( 1965a) claimed, however, that Stuart's ( 1962) data shows only a modest improvement in precision through the use of troughs.…”

Water in the environment

“…Various forms of baffles are often used around rain gauges in windy microsites. On steep slopes, there is evidence that the most accurate measurements are obtained with tilted rain gauges with their rims parallel to the ground surface (Hayes and Kittredge, 1949).…”