Comparative stability of two salmonid viruses and poliovirus in fresh, estuarine and marine waters

Toranzo, Alicia E.; Metricic, F. M.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.1982.tb00477.x

Cited by 56 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Although IHNV has been demonstrated to survive in salt water for a few weeks (Toranzo & Hetrick 1982), it is rarely detected in fish during their salt water migration period (Bootland & Leong 1999). Furthermore, in the last 10 yr, IHNV has never been detected in control fish at the Pacific Biological Station in many experiments that we have conducted with Atlantic salmon held in both fresh and salt water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus antibody profiles in naturally and experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

St‐Hilaire

Ribble²,

LaPatra³

et al. 2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Atlantic salmon Salmo salar naturally and experimentally exposed to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) in British Columbia, Canada, developed antibodies against the virus. More than 50% of the fish exposed to IHNV remained seropositive for several months after the IHN epizootic had subsided. The virus itself could not be detected in asymptomatic fish once the fish had recovered from IHN. The persistence of IHNV-specific antibodies in a large percentage of Atlantic salmon, from 4 different populations that survived an outbreak of IHN, and the lack of IHNVspecific antibodies in fish with no history of the disease, suggests that serology may be a useful tool for determining previous exposure to the virus. It may be important to determine whether Atlantic salmon have been infected with IHNV because, although the virus is difficult to detect in asymptomatic fish, an incidental finding suggests it may persist in a small number of fish after the outbreak has subsided. Furthermore, the presence of seropositive fish would be an indication that the virus may be enzootic at a farm, and such information would thus aid producers with stocking decisions. KEY WORDS: IHNV · IHNV-specific antibodies · Surveillance · Convalescent carrier state · Atlantic salmonResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Dis Aquat Org 46: 7-14, 2001 1996). Antibodies against IHNV were first reported in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the early 1970s (Amend & Smith 1974). Subsequent studies, using natural and experimental bath exposure to IHNV in rainbow trout, revealed a strong antibody response within 6 wk ) to 2 mo of exposure (Hattenberger-Baudouy et al. 1989. In addition, antibodies were detected in a large percentage of fish for several months after exposure to the virus (Hattenberger-Baudouy et al. 1989, Ristow et al. 1993. The long duration of IHNV-specific antibodies in trout populations infected with the virus, and the absence of these antibodies in non-infected fish, makes serological analysis a potentially useful tool (Hattenberger-Baudouy et al. 1989, LaPatra 1996.A preliminary study done by LaPatra (1996) suggests that Atlantic salmon exposed to IHNV electropherotype 1 produce virus-specific antibodies. Serology may therefore be a useful tool in this species of fish. However, before this methodology could be used by the British Columbia aquaculture industry in their surveillance program, it had to be validated.One of the objectives of this study was to describe the antibody profiles for Atlantic salmon after laboratory exposure to an IHNV isolate from British Columbia, Canada. The second objective was to determine whether the antibody profile of fish exposed to IHNV in a laboratory was consistent with what was observed in British Columbia when Atlantic salmon in salt water net-pen sites were naturally infected with the virus. MATERIAL AND METHODSLaboratory exposure experiment. Two separate groups of post-smolt 1 Atlantic salmon (McConnell X Mowi strain) were used in this...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus antibody profiles in naturally and experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

St‐Hilaire

Ribble²,

LaPatra³

et al. 2001

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Aquaculture is a developing activity with a poten tial high impact in the marine environment. This activity could also play an important role in the spread of viruses that could derive from marine or freshwater cultured species since most of these vi ruses are highly stable in water with a widespread range of physical and chemical properties (Toranzo and Hetrick, 1982;Wolf, 1988). Farmed production of turbot is steadily increasing in Europe, mainly in France and Spain.…”

Section: Viral Rna Electrophoresismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneity of Marine Birnaviruses Isolated from Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus).

Novoa

Figueras

1996

Fish Pathol.

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Six marine birnaviruses isolated from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) were compared with the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus reference strains Sp, Ab and WB from salmonid fish. This comparison was carried out by PAGE analysis of viral RNA and polypeptides and comparison of the reaction pattern with 4 monoclonal antibodies against the reference strains. High heterogeneity was found among the 6 isolates when comparing the RNA and polypeptide electrophoretic patterns and their reactions with the monoclonal antibodies. Most of the strains isolated from turbot could not be ascribed to any established serotype.

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“…The IHN virus is capable of surviving temporarily in saltwater, with 0.1% of IHN virus still active after 2 wk in saltwater at 15°C (Toranozo & Hetrick 1982). Virus survival may be even longer at lower water temperatures (Toranozo & Hetrick 1982, Torgersen & Hastein 1995. Reported water temperatures during the epidemic ranged from 6.7 to 12°C.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis epidemic (2001 to 2003) in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in British Columbia

Saksida¹

2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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I investigated a recent infectious haematopoietic necrosis disease (IHN) epidemic in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in British Columbia (BC), Canada. All companies with infected farms (n = 36) participated in the study. Over 12 million Atlantic salmon on infected farms died or were culled during the epidemic with cumulative mortality on the farms averaging 58%. The first reported case of IHN occurred in August 2001 and the last outbreak in June 2003. Outbreaks on the farms lasted between 20 and 22 wk. Genetic sequencing by other researchers, revealed that 2 different IHN isolates contributed to this epidemic, one linked to all cases in 4 areas, the other associated with all cases in a fifth area. Spatial and temporal patterns of the farm outbreaks were examined to determine possible methods of spread between the farms. Evidence presented herein appears to show that farming practices themselves contributed significantly to the spread between farms both within and between areas. Natural waterborne transmission may have played a role in the spread of the virus between farms located in close proximity to each other. The data collected from this epidemic are compared with reports which examined the first reported epidemic in Atlantic salmon in BC (1992BC ( to 1996. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that wild fish species may have been the source of introduction of the virus into the farmed Atlantic salmon population. KEY WORDS: Infectious haematopoietic necrosis · IHN · Atlantic salmon · Risk factors Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 72: [213][214][215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223] 2006 that continual mixing of the isolates has occurred over generations. The only place where such mixing would be possible would be in the ocean, possibly in the 'Alaskan gyre', the common feeding ground for all sockeye populations north of Oregon (Williams & Amend 1976, Traxler & Rankin 1989, Emmenegger et al. 2000, Emmenegger & Kurath 2002.In 1992, an IHNV epidemic occurred in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in British Columbia (BC). Over a 4 yr period, IHNV spread to 13 separate farm sites within a 20 km radius of the index case (Armstrong et al. 1993, St-Hilaire 2000, St-Hilaire et al. 2002. Farm level mortality associated with the outbreak ranged from 18 to 78% (St-Hilaire et al. 2002). In the summer of 2001, IHNV was again diagnosed in farmed Atlantic salmon in BC, with the resulting epidemic becoming more widespread than the 1992 to 1996 epidemic. G. Kurath & G. S. Traxler (pers. comm.) examined isolates collected from several affected farms during the epidemic and identified 2 isolates: one (Sequence A) associated with the outbreaks along the east coast of Vancouver Island (west coast of the BC mainland), and the second (Sequence B) found only in outbreaks on the west coast of Vancouver Island. For further details of the sequences see 'Discussion'. The present study provides a retrospective descriptive examination of the most recent...

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Comparative stability of two salmonid viruses and poliovirus in fresh, estuarine and marine waters

Cited by 56 publications

References 27 publications

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus antibody profiles in naturally and experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus antibody profiles in naturally and experimentally infected Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

Heterogeneity of Marine Birnaviruses Isolated from Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus).

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis epidemic (2001 to 2003) in farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in British Columbia

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