Comparative structure of intellect in middle- and lower-class four-year-olds of two ethnic groups.

1,209

731

Many regard gender differences in verbal ability to be one of the well-established findings in psychology. To reassess this belief. Y.' C located 165 studies that reported data on gender differences in verbal ability. The Y.'Cightcd mean effect size (d) was +0.11, indicating a slight female superiority in performance. The difference is so small that we argue that gender differences in verbal ability no longer exist. Analyses of effect sizes for different measures of verbal ability showed almost all to be small in

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in verbal ability: A meta-analysis.

Hyde¹,

Linn²

1988

1,209

731

“…The theory has been discussed in leading textbooks and review articles as a major contribution to our understanding of intellectual functioning (e.g., Nunnally, 1967;Tyler, 1972). It has served as a basis for theory and research on several topics, including creativity (e.g., Torrance, 1965), human development (Carlson & Meyers, 1968;Hoepfner, Guilford, & Bradley, 1970), and subcultural differences (Sitkei & Meyers, 1969). Several prediction studies have been based on the theory (e.g., Caldwell, Schrader, Michael, & Meyers, 1970;Guilford, Hoepfner, & Peterson, 1965).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the subjective character of the empirical base of Guilford's structure-of-intellect model.

Horn¹,

Knapp²

1973

175

“…We have found no studies from the former point of view. From the latter, the Sitkei and Meyers (1969) study is still unique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A more elaborate test of differences in cognitive functioning among middle-and lowerclass black and white 4-year-olds was carried out by Sitkei and Meyers (1969) in the Los Angeles, California, area. It was not possible to balance SES groups completely, and the black sample had more lower class members than did the white sample.…”

Section: Tests Of Perceptual Functioning Other Than Iq Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The myth of perceptual defect: Sources and evidence.

Mandler¹,

Stein²

1977

A hypothesis of a perceptual defect in black populations, suggested tentatively 20 years ago, was found to be still alive in the research literature. The hypothesis, its original data base, and more recent literature were examined. It was found that the hypothesis did not distinguish between the effects of race versus early experience on perceptual functioning. Reflecting this confusion, the original data base for the hypothesis was seriously flawed. Many studies assumed that the hypothesis could be demonstrated by lower scores on performance than on verbal subtests of IQ test batteries. The inadequacy of this assumption was discussed, and the use of IQ subtests to assess perceptual functioning was criticized. The need for measurement of response biases when attempting to assess group differences in perception was also stressed. An examination of the literature found few direct tests of ethnic differences in perception. Although some data tentatively suggest that there may be differences in visualization of spatial transformations, similar to the differences that have been found between the sexes, it was concluded that not enough data are available to make any general statement about ethnic differences in perception.