Comparative Study between AZERTY-Type and K-Hermes Virtual Keyboards Dedicated to Users with Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

Abstract. The aim of this paper is to compare two virtual keyboards for people with cerebral palsy; many of these users have difficulty performing actions using their upper limbs due to large numbers of unwanted movements. The first is a classical QWERTY type keyboard, called Clavicom NG. The second is the K-Hermes proposed in this paper. K-Hermes is a reduced and monotape keyboard; its entry principles are inspired by the T9 keyboard. The aim of the experiment is to demonstrate the reduced effort and increased speed of typing with the keyboard suggested for people with Cerebral Palsy.

A new concept of assistive virtual keyboards based on a systematic review of text entry optimization techniques

“…Frequency of Occurrence (Merino et al, 2012), N-gram (Sharma et al, 2012), (Ghosh, 2011) Regency of Use (Bhattacharya and Laha, 2012), ) Words table probability (Guerrier et al, 2011), (Merino et al, 2010), (Truong et al, 2013) Syntactic Probability Table Prediction not specified (Bhattacharya and Laha, 2012), (Guerrier et al, 2011), (Guerrier et al, 2013), (Guerrier et al, 2013), (Janpinijrut et al, 2011b), (Molina et al, 2009b), (Prabhu and Prasad, 2011), (Topal et al, 2012), (Topal et al, 2012) Organization of keys and symbols Evolutionary Algorithm (Guerrier et al, 2011), (Francis and Johnson, 2011) N-gram , (Ghosh, 2011) Digraph Frequency (Gelormini and Bishop, 2013), (Millet et al, 2009), Single character Frequency (Gelormini and Bishop, 2013), , (Guerrier et al, 2013), (Jain and Bhattacharya, 2010), (Merino et al, 2012), (Millet et al, 2009), (Panwar et al, 2012), (Prabhu and Prasad, 2011), (Topal et al, 2012) Fitts' Law (Faraj et al, 2009a, , (Ghosh, 2011) Fitts' Digraph Model , (Ghosh, 2011), (Jain and Bhattacharya, 2010) Disambiguation methods Disambiguation algorithm (Merino et al, 2010), (Miró-Borrás and Bernabeu-Soler, 2009), (Molina et al, 2009b), (Sarafis and Markoulidis, 2010) Multi-tap (Burgbacher and Hinrichs, 2014), …”

“…Matrix , (Arif and Stuerzlinger, 2013), (Bhattacharya and Laha, 2012), (Burgbacher and Hinrichs, 2014), , (Faraj et al, 2009a), (Faraj et al, 2009a), (Faraj et al, 2009b), (Francis and Johnson, 2011), (Gelormini and Bishop, 2013), , (Ghosh, 2011), (Gizatdinova et al, 2012a), (Gizatdinova et al, 2012b), (Guerrier et al, 2011), (Guerrier et al, 2013), (Guerrier et al, 2013), (Jain and Bhattacharya, 2010), (Janpinijrut et al, 2011b), (Kim et al, 2014), (Klima and Slovacek, 2009), (Kwon et al, 2009), (Merino et al, 2010), (Merino et al, 2012), (Miró-Borrás and Bernabeu-Soler, 2009), (Nicolau et al, 2013), (Panwar et al, 2012), (Phanchaipetch and Nattee, 2012), (Polácek et al, 2012), (Sarafis and Markoulidis, 2010), , (Sharma et al, 2012), (Simathamanand and Piromsopa, 2011), (Truong et al, 2013), (Usakli and Gurkan, 2010), (Varcholik et al, 2012), (Vella and Vigouroux, 2013), (Wu et al, 2014), (Yang et al, 2013) Circular (Prabhu and Prasad, 2011), (Topal et al, 2012) Distribution of symbols Frequency (Bhattacharya and Laha, 2012), (Faraj et al, 2009c), (Francis ...…”

“…Words per minute (WPM) (Arif and Stuerzlinger, 2013), , (Faraj et al, 2009c), (Faraj et al, 2009a), (Faraj et al, 2009b), (Ghosh, 2011), (Gizatdinova et al, 2012a), (Guerrier et al, 2011), (Hoste and Signer, 2013), (Jain and Bhattacharya, 2010), (Joshi et al, 2011), (Miró-Borrás and Bernabeu-Soler, 2009), (Molina et al, 2009a), (Molina et al, 2009b), (Nicolau et al, 2013), (Panwar et al, 2012), (Sarafis and Markoulidis, 2010), , (Sharma et al, 2012), (Topal et al, 2012), (Vella and Vigouroux, 2013) Characters per minute (CPM) (Bhattacharya and Laha, 2012), (Burgbacher and Hinrichs, 2014), (Polácek et al, 2012) Gestures per character (GPC) (Polácek et al, 2012) Keystrokes per character (KSPC) (Miró-Borrás and Bernabeu-Soler, 2009), (Molina et al, 2009a), , (Wu et al, 2014) Total error rate (TER) (Arif and Stuerzlinger, 2013), (Biolchini et al, 2007) Minimum string distance (MSD) (Gizatdinova et al, 2012a), (Nicolau et al, 2013) use four keys. The number of keys may increase, but is limited to the number of symbols in the alphabet.…”

“…Also, Bhattacharya and Laha (2012) states that one of the main goals of the assistive keyboard is to reduce the typing effort. Then, considering that the ambiguous approach may reduce the interaction between the user and the keyboard (Guerrier et al, 2011), we have chosen to adopt the ambiguous approach.…”

Towards a Communication System for People with Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

“…This process reduces moving the mouse over a large number of keys.  K-hermes [6]: This is an ambiguous multitap keyboard with several letters per key. The user presses the desired key n times to select the letter of rank n. For example, if the first key is for letters "a", "b", "c", to enter the letter "b", the user must press the key twice.…”