Comparative study between smokers and nonsmokers regarding dry eye

Khalil, Hosam Eldine Mohamed; Aboud, Safaa A; Azzab, Mostafa

doi:10.4103/djo.djo_25_17

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Smoking had a negative effect on the tear film stability [9,[38][39][40][41]. For example, the study conducted on 30 smokers and 30 nonsmokers showed a significant difference in the McMonnies scores (p=0.020), TBUT test scores (p=0.036), and tear ferning (TF) test grades (p=0.001) between smokers and nonsmokers [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Alanazi¹

2019

IJOVS

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Background: Smoking cigarettes is associated with many chronic illnesses such as cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smokers are more likely to develop dry eye symptoms compared with nonsmokers. Purpose: To assess the tear evaporation rate in chronic smokers using a VapoMeter. Materials and Method: This observational, case-control and nonrandomized study included one hundred and twenty male smokers that ranged in age from 18 to 43 years (mean ± SD = 25.4±5.8 years). An age (18-43 years) matching control group (120 male subjects), with a mean age of 26.1±5.2 years participated in the study. Each participant completed the ocular surface disease index dry eye questionnaire, then a VapoMeter was used to determine the tear evaporation rate. Result: Significant (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test; p<0.05) differences were found between the average scores collected from the ocular surface disease index and the tear evaporation rate measurements within the smokers and nonsmokers groups. The average tear evaporation rate was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the study group [median (interquartile range; IQR) = 37.7 (59.3) g/m 2 h] compared with that obtained in control group [15.4 (13.1) g/m 2 h]. Moreover, the average score from the ocular surface disease index in smokers was significantly (p<0.05) higher [15.4 (13.1)] compared with that obtained in the control group [5.4 (5.5)]. Conclusion: Smokers have significant higher tear evaporation rates compared with nonsmokers and normal eye subjects. Clearly, VapoMeter can be used as a reliable tool to assess the eye dryness due to excessive evaporation of tears. Smoking is a risk factor for cancer, heart diseases, and cataract. In addition, smoking is a risk factor for eye dryness and contributes to evaporative dry eye disease, more likely due to the disturbance in the non-polar lipid layer within the tear film. Lipid-rich eye drops could be used to manage dry eye symptoms in smoker subjects. Moreover, smoking cessation remains the single most effective prophylactic measure to avoid dry eye symptoms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Alanazi¹

2019

IJOVS

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“…where TBUT to be significantly reduced in smokers (11.9 ± 5.8) when compared to nonsmokers (14.9 ± 5.5). [ 2 14 ] The TBUT measures tear film stability which can be altered due to excessive evaporation or any mechanical damage. Tear film serves as a protective coat by resisting the deleterious effect from the external environment and preserve the integrity of underlying tissues.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These changes might be due to toxins associated with smoking, which decreases the blood flow in the ophthalmic artery and also contribute to clot formation within ocular capillaries, thus cutting off the nutrients which are essential for RNFL physiology. [ 2 ] There is also an alteration of various substances like substances derived from the endothelium such as endothelin, nitric oxide, tissue plasminogen activator, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Reduction in the hemodynamic response of retinal veins induced by flicker was found to be reduced in chronic smokers, supporting the hypothesis that the habit of chronic smoking leads to alteration of retinal vasculature.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 1 ] Smoking affects the eyes also, the toxins associated with smoking decrease blood flow and initiate clot formation within ocular capillaries, resulting in deprivation of vital nutrients that are essential for the eye. [ 2 ] In smokers, both erythrocytes and leucocytes levels are found in larger proportions along with activated platelets as compared to the nonsmokers. This contributes to the hyperviscosity and higher risk of thrombus formation within the vessels.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Dry eye disease and retinal nerve fiber layer changes in chronic smokers

Narnoli

Dhasmana

Khanduri

2021

Indian Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose: To study the effect of smoking on tear film parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFL) in chronic smokers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which included 60 (120 eyes) smokers who have smoked at least 10 pack-year and an equal number of healthy subjects as a control for comparison. In addition to history, a detailed slit-lamp examination was done to evaluate the anterior and posterior segments. All patients underwent Schirmer’s I test (SIT) with Whatman-41 filter paper, tear meniscus height (TMH), and RNFL with a Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and tear film breakup time (TBUT) with 2% fluorescein and cobalt blue filter using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Results: The (mean ± SD) age of the participants was 56.48 ± 10.38 years. There was a statistically significant reduction in tear film parameters in smokers compared to nonsmokers ( P = 0.000). The incidence of MGD was found to be higher in smokers when compared to nonsmokers with a P value of 0.000. RNFL in all four quadrants was also significantly reduced in smokers compared to nonsmokers ( P = 0.00). Conclusion: This study shows that chronic smoking leads to an increased incidence of dry eye disease and is associated with RNFL thinning. Smoking can result in cumulative RNFL loss in patients with ocular neurodegenerative disorder and OCT of these patients may have to be interpreted keeping this in mind.

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“…One of the important parts of the eye is the meibomian gland, as it prevents the tear film from evaporating by secreting the outermost layer of the tear film, which is lipid. Chronic smoking behaviour will eventually exacerbate the lid margin and cause meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) (13). Many studies found that the smoke from cigarettes can alter the eyes' tear film and lead to dry eyes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smoking Behaviour and Dry Eye Symptoms Among Uitm Puncak Alam Students During Covid 19

Najmee¹,

Nasir²,

Muhammad³

et al. 2022

MJMHS

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Introduction: The pandemic of COVID-19 has impacted the economy and psychological health, especially during the implementation of a movement control order. The implementation has raised adverse behaviour such as smoking and drinking to deal with psychological stress and anxiety. This study has investigated the pattern of smoking behaviour and the relationship between smoking behaviour and dry eye symptoms among smokers during the COVID 19 pandemic. Methods: The Smoking Behavior and Dry Eye Symptoms (OSDI) questionnaires were used in the study with the value for Cronbach α was 0.676. The adapted questionnaires were distributed online to 377 smokers who studied at UiTM Puncak Alam. The collected data were analyzed demographically, and the significant value was set at p<0.05 using the Pearson test. Results: The average intake of cigarettes was between six to ten cigarettes per day. During COVID-19, 54.1% of the participants responded to an increase in the frequency of cigarettes per day. 17.2% of the participants had severe dry eyes due to smoking activity. The Pearson test showed a significant correlation between dry eyes symptoms and smoking behaviour p <0.05. Conclusion: During Covid 19, the prevalence of dry eye symptoms has increased among smokers, and it is linked to poor ocular surface health due to the changes in smoking behaviour and tobacco intake. This behaviour might commit to an unhealthy lifestyle that can reduce the quality of life.

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Comparative study between smokers and nonsmokers regarding dry eye

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Assessment of the Tear Evaporation Rate in Chronic Smokers Using Delfin VapoMeter

Dry eye disease and retinal nerve fiber layer changes in chronic smokers

Smoking Behaviour and Dry Eye Symptoms Among Uitm Puncak Alam Students During Covid 19

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