Comparative study of China and USA public private partnerships in public transportation

Abstract

As an effective alternative approach to provide goods and services for public infrastructure, the Public Private Partnership (PPP) has been studied extensively over the past few decades. On a global scale, China and the United States have developed cooperation on PPP projects in various areas. To perform a comparative study, this paper analyzes how PPP projects work in both countries for public transportation. The basic features, types, and phases of PPPs in public transportation are introduced first, followed by a thorough discussion on their advantages and challenges. This paper adopts a case study method to analyze the achievements and problems of PPP projects in both countries and then proposes important findings and suggestions for future research.

Text Mining in Remotely Sensed Phenology Studies: A Review on Research Development, Main Topics, and Emerging Issues

“…Rs+pheno studies have significantly increased in number over the last decade and, as also for other disciplines (e.g., [42,43]), the USA and China are the leading countries in terms of the number of papers. The main peaks may be recognized in correspondence with some critical dates: around 1980 (one year after the publication of the seminal work of [44] about the use of red and NIR for monitoring vegetation), 1985-86 (after Landsat-5 launch in 1984 and the year of the publications of [45] about LAI, and [46] about NDVI for remotely sensed phenology), 1995 (one year after the pivotal work of [20] about the extraction of phenological metrics from NDVI annual profile), 1999 (in 1997, the Kyoto protocol about global warming was signed), 2002-05 (Landsat-7 was launched in 1999, MODIS in 2000, and the EVI was proposed for the first time by [15]), 2008-09 (after the publication of [6] about plant phenology, shifting in response to global change using NDVI data), and 2015 (in 2011, 30 years of Landsat archive became freely available [47]; in 2013, Landsat-8 was launched, and, in 2015, Sentinel-2 was launched).…”

Process‐Based Identification of Critical Factors for Residual Value Risk in China′s Highway PPP Projects

“…(ii) e 21 identified CRFs of RVR in highway PPP projects can provide useful tool to evaluate RVR as well as guidance for enterprise innovation in PPP practice. Compared to PPP, traditional procurement separates the construction phase from the sequent O&M phase by only purchasing the construction service from the private firms, leading to insufficient O&M and service deterioration in the long-term contract [2]. erefore, many private companies have strong technology in construction but weak technology in project finance and operation in the long-term contract.…”

“…Over the past few decades, governments across the world have increasingly adopted Public-Private Partnership (PPP) to deliver large-scale public infrastructure and service, especially in the provision of transportation infrastructure [1][2][3]. On November 2017, the Undersecretary of Ministry of Finance Shi Yaobin [4] pointed out that China had become the largest and most influential PPP market around the world since 2014 because it has increasingly institutionalized transformation strategy as well as public procurement method in providing infrastructure products and service.…”

“…China has launched the overall planning for state highway trunk line since 1990s with enormous investment scale annually [8]. Faced with challenges such as high fiscal pressures, technology complexity, and growing traffic demands, the government seeks for private investments and, meanwhile, reallocates responsibilities of finance, design, construction, operation, and maintenance by PPP for providing transportation service effectively and efficiently [2,9]. erefore, the responsibilities to provide transport infrastructure in China have been steadily moving away from the realm of government to that of the private sector through PPP since 1990s [2,9].…”

“…e evolution process of PPP in China reveals that political, cultural, and institutional context have strongly influenced the performance of PPP [6,9,11]. Unlike the traditional delivery methods of letting contract for the separated tasks that are needed to create, operate, and maintain a road, PPP requires the private sectors take responsibilities for construction, operation, and maintenance with effective risk transfer and incentives for reducing costs and improving quality during the concession period [2,5]. During the transition from a short-term contract period in traditional projects ( ≤ 5 years) to a long-term contract period in PPP projects (20-30 years) [12], the experience with infrastructure PPP internationally have demonstrated many problems and partnership failures.…”