Comparative study of conventional steam-methane-reforming (SMR) and auto-thermal-reforming (ATR) with their hybrid sorption enhanced (SE-SMR & SE-ATR) and environmentally benign process models for the hydrogen production

Biohydrogen: A life cycle assessment and comparison with alternative low-carbon production routes in UK

“…SMR is a mature, commercial technology mostly employed for hydrogen production (Simpson and Lutz, 2007). ATR is a relatively less commercially available process for conversion of natural gas into H2, however it has gained popularity as a Blue-H2 alternative considering its favourable natural gas conversion efficiencies and carbon capture capabilities compared to SMR (Faheem et al, 2021). Pre-existing hydrogen plants can be retrofitted with CCS capabilities for both technologies.…”

Targeting climate‐neutral hydrogen production: Integrating brown and blue pathways with green hydrogen infrastructure via a novel superstructure and simulation‐based life cycle optimization

“…Thus, cooling utilities have been used to bring down temperatures. The rate law kinetics for both types of reactions in the process have been obtained from the literature 39 . The outlet from the LTS reactor is cooled again and passed into a flash separator to remove the water from the stream.…”

“…The vapor stream from the flash separator goes into the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) to recover the H 2 produced. PSA is the chosen hydrogen separation unit in typical steam reforming plants because high purity hydrogen can be obtained from this unit 39,40 . The cooling utilities from the exit of the heat exchangers are combined with makeup water.…”

“…These values are used to estimate the LCOH in accordance with the previous works 21,60 . The parameters relevant to the superstructure optimization problem include: The kinetic models of the steam reforming reaction of methane and the water gas shift reaction, including the Arrhenius parameters and the equilibrium constants 39 The upper and lower bounds of the reforming temperature, operating pressure, inlet ratio of steam to methane in the feed, and percentage capture of CO 2 in the tail gas 8,43 …”

“…from the literature. 39 The outlet from the LTS reactor is cooled again and passed into a flash separator to remove the water from the stream. The vapor stream from the flash separator goes into the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) to recover the H 2 produced.…”