Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status

Fall, Aïssatou; Goulet, Lise; Vézina, Michel

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-201

Cited by 31 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In contrast to studies in western populations, which mention employment as a strong protective factor against major depression in pregnancy [13], our study found that pregnant women employed outside the home were actually more depressed and anxious than housewives. A study in Karachi, Pakistan also provides opposing results to our findings by concluding that housewives, in general, are more depressed than working women [14].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Emotional and Psychological Effects on Women after Induced Abortion

2016

IJSR

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Emotional and psychological effects after abortion are common; they are experienced in various degrees in every woman.Most common emotional and psychological effects after abortion are: repentance, anger, guilt and shame, loss of self confidence, feelings of loneliness, eating disorders, sleeping disorders, anxiety and depression. This study is transversal (cross -sectional study), while the survey was based on two questionnaires, Beck anxiety questionnaire and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale questionnaires (EDPS). It was attended by 122 women after induced abortion from January to December of 2015 in Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic in Prishtina. Abortions were induced for fetal anomalies, maternal various diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Incidence of induced abortions in Prishtina in 2015 was 12:47 per 1000 pregnant. Abortions where induced until the 10th week of pregnancy, by the decision of the couple 38.5%, anomalies of the central nervous system 23.9%¸ genetic syndromes 6.5%, multiplex fetal anomaly 6.5%, abnormality of the urinary tract was 4.9%, anomaly of the gastrointestinal system 4.9%, other feto-maternal pathology 4.9%, maternal chronic disease 3.4%, cardiovascular system anomalies 2.4%, musculoskeletal system anomalies 2.4%, and placental pathology 1.7%. Most frequent psychological effects on women were: sleep disorders 22.13%, repentance 25.40%, anger 36.06%, feelings of guilt and shame 27.4%, the loss of faith in herself 34.42%, feelings of loneliness 29.5%, food disorders 29.5%, anxiety 30.32%, and depression 27.86%. These emotional effects can have negative effect on planning pregnancy and holding other pregnancies.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Emotional and Psychological Effects on Women after Induced Abortion

2016

IJSR

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“…An interesting finding in our study was the correlation between the occupation of the pregnant women and antenatal depression and anxiety. In contrast to studies in western population, which mention employment as a strong protective factor against major depression in pregnancy [39], our study found employed pregnant women to be actually more depressed and anxious than housewives. A study in Karachi, Pakistan also apparently contradicts our findings by concluding that housewives, in general, are more depressed than working women [40].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Information 2: Ethical Review Letter

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Word Count: 376 words PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.463v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | Abstract Introduction:Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy, however, for many women; it can be a stressful event. In South Asia, it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. It is also associated with several psychiatric problems in women; most notably, depression and anxiety. Methodology:This cross sectional study was undertaken in four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. 500 Pregnant women presenting at the outdoors of obstetrics and gynecology department were interviewed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections: Demographics, Hospital anxiety and depression scale and social provision scale. Data was analyzed in SPSS v.20. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for demographics. Pearson Chi Square, Bivariate Correlations and Partial Correlations were run to analyze associations of independent variables with scores on HAD scale and SPS. Results:There were a total of 500 respondents. Mean age of respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels of participants were categorized as Normal 145 (29%), borderline 110 (22%) and anxious 245 (49%). And depression levels were categorized as 218 (43.6%) normal, 123 (24.6%) borderline, 159(31.8%) depressed. Inferential analysis PeerJ PrePrints | http://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.463v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access | PrePrints 4 revealed that higher scores on HAD scale were significantly associated with lower scores on SPS, rural background, history of harassment, abortion, C-sections and unplanned pregnancies (P < .05). Social support also mediated the relationship between total numbers of children, gender of previous offspring and scores on HAD and SPS scales.Women reporting higher numbers of female children were significantly associated with higher scores on HAD scale and lower on SPS scale. Whereas increasing number of male progeny were associated with low scores on these scales (P < .05) Conclusion:Keeping in context the predominantly patriarchal socio-cultural setting, the predictors of antenatal anxiety and depression in Pakistan may differ from those of the developed countries. Rural women and working women showed higher levels of antenatal anxiety and depression, which contradicts studies from western countries. Our study revealed higher number of female progeny was associated with higher levels of depression and anxiety while male progeny had a protective influence. We, therefore, suggest that interventions designed to reduce antenatal anxiety and depression should take these unique factors, operating in developing countries and patriarchal societies, into account in their design and implementation.

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“…In a multivariate logistic regression model, several variables were explored including employment, education, social support, socioeconomic status, marital status and smoking [4]. In this study, the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale was used to identify prenatal depression in 5,337 pregnant women at 24–26 weeks gestation.…”

Section: Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal Depression Risk Factors, Developmental Effects and Interventions: A Review

Field¹

2017

J Preg Child Health

116

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This narrative review based on a literature search in PubMed and PsycInfo on the two terms prenatal and antenatal depression includes empirical studies, reviews and meta-analyses that have been published during the last 5 years on risk factors, developmental effects and interventions for prenatal depression. Risk factor studies that met criteria feature demographic measures (lower socioeconomic status, less education, non-marital status, non-employment, less social support and health locus of control, unintended pregnancy, partner violence and history of child abuse) and physiological variables (cortisol, amylase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines and intrauterine artery resistance). The negative effects include postpartum depression, paternal depression, and prematurity and low birth weight. Negative effects on infants include greater right frontal EEG, amygdala connectivity, cortical thinning and more difficult temperament. In childhood, externalizing and internalizing problems have been reported. The data on prenatal antidepressants (specifically SSRIs) reveal negative effects including internalizing problems as well as a greater risk for autism spectrum disorder. Prenatal interventions that have been effective include interpersonal psychotherapy, peer support, massage therapy, yoga, tai chi, and aerobic exercise. Potential underlying mechanisms are discussed as well as methodological limitations including homogeneity of samples and lack of randomization to intervention groups. Despite these limitations, the literature highlights the need for prenatal depression screening and intervention.

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Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status

Cited by 31 publications

References 40 publications

Emotional and Psychological Effects on Women after Induced Abortion

Emotional and Psychological Effects on Women after Induced Abortion

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Prenatal Depression Risk Factors, Developmental Effects and Interventions: A Review

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