Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs

Langguth, Anna; Leelahapongsathon, Kansuda; Wannapong, Napasaporn; Kasemsuwan, Suwicha; Ortmann, Steffen; Vos, Ad; Böer, Michael

doi:10.3390/v13071382

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Hence, both vaccine container and bait were replaced by an egg-flavoured bait containing a soft blister. Bait acceptance studies showed that the egg-flavoured bait with soft blister was not only very attractive to the dogs but was also capable of timely release of the vaccine in the oral cavity during bait consumption [ 28 , 29 , 63 ]. These results were corroborated by this efficacy study, where all animals accepted and ingested the egg-flavoured bait readily and, subsequently, perforated the soft blister.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Containing SPBN GASGAS in Domestic Dogs According to International Standards

Bobe

Ortmann

Kaiser³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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(1) Background: The oral vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies has been developed as a promising complementary tool for mass dog vaccination. However, no oral rabies vaccine has provided efficacy data in dogs according to international standards. (2) Methods: To test the immunogenicity and efficacy of the third-generation oral rabies virus vaccine strain, SPBN GASGAS, in domestic dogs, dogs were offered an egg-flavoured bait containing 3.0 mL of the vaccine (107.5 FFU/mL) or a placebo egg-flavoured bait. Subsequently, these 25 vaccinated and 10 control animals were challenged approximately 6 months later with a dog rabies virus isolate. Blood samples were collected at different time points postvaccination and examined by ELISA and RFFIT. (3) Results: All but 1 of the 25 vaccinated dogs survived the challenge infection; meanwhile, all 10 control dogs succumbed to rabies. The serology results showed that all 25 vaccinated dogs seroconverted in ELISA (>40% PB); meanwhile, only 13 of the 25 vaccinated dogs tested seropositive ≥ 0.5 IU/mL) in RFFIT. (4) Conclusions: The SPBN GASGAS rabies virus vaccine meets the efficacy requirements for live oral rabies vaccines as laid down by the European Pharmacopoeia and the WOAH Terrestrial Manual. SPBN GASGAS already fulfilled the safety requirements for oral rabies vaccines targeted at dogs. Hence, the egg-flavoured bait containing SPBN GASGAS is the first oral vaccine bait that complies with WOAH recommendations for the intended use of oral vaccination of free-roaming dogs against rabies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Containing SPBN GASGAS in Domestic Dogs According to International Standards

Bobe

Ortmann

Kaiser³

et al. 2023

Vaccines

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“…Therefore, selecting a bait that is well accepted and provides timely release in the oral cavity is imperative for effective ORV, but it cannot be guaranteed that all dogs accepting a bait will subsequently be vaccinated successfully. The selected egg-flavored bait and sachet have been shown to be readily accepted by dogs and to effectively release the vaccine in the oral cavity of the dogs [ 19 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity of Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Local Dogs in Bali, Indonesia

Saputra

Suwarno

Husein³

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Dog-mediated rabies is endemic in much of Indonesia, including Bali. Most dogs in Bali are free-roaming and often inaccessible for parenteral vaccination without special effort. Oral rabies vaccination (ORV) is considered a promising alternative to increase vaccination coverage in these dogs. This study assessed immunogenicity in local dogs in Bali after oral administration of the highly attenuated third-generation rabies virus vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS. Dogs received the oral rabies vaccine either directly or by being offered an egg-flavored bait that contained a vaccine-loaded sachet. The humoral immune response was then compared with two further groups of dogs: a group that received a parenteral inactivated rabies vaccine and an unvaccinated control group. The animals were bled prior to vaccination and between 27 and 32 days after vaccination. The blood samples were tested for the presence of virus-binding antibodies using ELISA. The seroconversion rate in the three groups of vaccinated dogs did not differ significantly: bait: 88.9%; direct-oral: 94.1%; parenteral: 90.9%; control: 0%. There was no significant quantitative difference in the level of antibodies between orally and parenterally vaccinated dogs. This study confirms that SPBN GASGAS is capable of inducing an adequate immune response comparable to a parenteral vaccine under field conditions in Indonesia.

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“…Bait acceptance is only one part of the requirement for the effective use of ORV. For ORV to be successful, the contents of the sachet must be released in the oral cavity, where it will enter the body via the mucous membrane and tonsils [35] . In this and related bait acceptance studies, vaccination success was assessed by bait handling and, if possible, visible staining of the oral cavity with the blue dye from the sachet [20,21,27,36] .…”

Section: Odds Ratio 95%cimentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing bait acceptance of local dogs, oral rabies vaccination success and human contact risk in Bali, Indonesia

Husein¹,

Saputra²,

Suseno³

et al. 2023

One Health Implement Res

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Aim: The objective of this study was to identify the preferred bait of local dogs in Bali and estimate oral rabies vaccination (ORV) success in locations with varying geographic and demographic conditions. In addition, an evaluation of potential direct and indirect contact with the placebo sachet contents was conducted. Methods: The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in two pilot areas of Bali using imported and hand-made baits. All dogs were offered a single bait containing a sachet of blue-dyed water using the “hand-out and retrieve” technique. Several methods were used to determine the likelihood of contact with the placebo vaccine. Comparing ORV with capture-vaccinate-release (CVR) methods, field officers were given Google Forms questions to answer. Statistical analysis was performed using univariate contingency table testing, followed by the development of a multiple logistic regression (MLR) model. Results: With 96.9% acceptance, intestine was the most popular bait for local dogs in Bali, and egg bait came in second (81.1%). However, the egg bait was 95.2% effective in releasing the vaccine in the oral cavity, followed by the intestine at 82.6%. 6.1% of surveyed households had direct contact with a dog that had recently consumed a vaccine bait. A survey among field officers also indicated that they preferred ORV over CVR, as the former is more suitable for vaccinating inaccessible dogs and less stressful for the teams and the animals. Conclusion: In Bali, both a locally-made intestine bait and an industrially-produced egg-flavored bait were readily taken up by local dogs. There is a small risk that people can come into contact with dogs previously offered a bait; hence, only vaccines with a high safety profile should be used. ORV can replace the currently used CVR method for vaccinating free-roaming dogs as a complementary tool to increase vaccination coverage.

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Comparative Study of Optical Markers to Assess Bait System Efficiency Concerning Vaccine Release in the Oral Cavity of Dogs

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

Efficacy of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Containing SPBN GASGAS in Domestic Dogs According to International Standards

Efficacy of Oral Rabies Vaccine Baits Containing SPBN GASGAS in Domestic Dogs According to International Standards

Immunogenicity of Oral Rabies Vaccine Strain SPBN GASGAS in Local Dogs in Bali, Indonesia

Assessing bait acceptance of local dogs, oral rabies vaccination success and human contact risk in Bali, Indonesia

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