Comparative Study of Snow Surface Heat Budget under Varuous Forest Cover Conditions

Koike, Masako; Koike, Tosio; Hayakawa, Norio; Shimogaki, Hisashi

doi:10.3178/jjshwr.8.389

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Therefore, R N is Table II, and the values of H and LE were both smaller. According to previous studies, R N decreases as forest density increases (Ohta et al, 1993;Koike et al, 1995). In this study, however, R N increased slightly with increased forest density.…”

Section: Snowmelt Energy and Energy Balance Characteristicscontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…Hashimoto et al (1994) concluded that the dierences in snowmelt energy between open and forested sites were caused by dierences in net radiation. A forest density increases, net radiation and sensible heat decrease during snowmelt (FitzGibbon and Dunne, 1983;Koike et al, 1995;Pomeroy and Granger, 1997). FitzGibbon and Dunne (1983) reported the relationships between energy balance components and canopy density, and found that net radiation increased as canopy density decreased.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations in snowmelt energy and energy balance characteristics with larch forest density on Mt Iwate, Japan: observations and energy balance analyses

Suzuki

Ohta

Kojima

et al. 1999

Hydrological Processes

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Abstract:The variation in snowmelt energy and energy components were evaluated with respect to forest density. Surface snowmelt rates, surface evaporation from snow cover and meteorological elements were measured in the open and under sparse (411 trees/ha) and dense (1433 trees/ha) larch canopies. The surface snowmelt rate decreased as the forest density increased. Based on the observations and energy balance analyses, we concluded the following.(1) Albedo decreased while the bulk coecient for latent heat increased with forest density. (2) The duration of snowmelt increased with forest density because the energy for nocturnal cooling of the snow cover decreased. (3) When comparing the open and forested sites, the changes in snowmelt energy with forest density were caused by sensible heat¯ux. However, the contribution of net radiation was highest in the forested sites. Therefore, the eects of forest cover on the snowmelt energy were dierent when comparing both the open and forested sites and the sparse and densely forested sites. (4) The ratio of net radiation to snowmelt energy increased with forest density; although both snowmelt energy and net radiation decreased with increased forest density, the snowmelt energy decreased more rapidly. Sensible heat also decreased as forest density increased. Both albedo and downward long-wave radiation in¯uenced net radiation.

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Section: Snowmelt Energy and Energy Balance Characteristicscontrasting

confidence: 44%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in snowmelt energy and energy balance characteristics with larch forest density on Mt Iwate, Japan: observations and energy balance analyses

Suzuki

Ohta

Kojima

et al. 1999

Hydrological Processes

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“…Koike and others (1995) reported exceptional results on the heat balance on snowmelt at an open site, a birch (a deciduous tree) and a Maries’ fir (an evergreen tree) stand sites in Niigata, Japan. They observed ablation from April to May and showed that net radiation accounted for ~50% of ablation energy both at the open and forest sites throughout the measurement period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Difference in snowmelt processes between an opening and three Japanese cedar stands

Murakami

Takeuchi

2018

Ann. Glaciol.

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Snowmelt was measured on a daily basis for 17 days at the open site and 18 days at three Japanese cedar sites with canopy closure of 17.8% (cedar stand A), 5.2% (B) and 2.4% (C) in April. Measured daily snowmelt at each site was reproduced by heat-balance calculation with an accuracy of <±1 mm w.e. From 1st April to the date of snow disappearance net radiation accounted for 88.4, 43.0, 32.7 and 34.2% of total snowmelt energy at the open site, the cedar stands A, B and C, respectively. The ratio of sensible and latent heat to total snowmelt was 33.1–37.9 and 25.9–29.4%, respectively, at three cedar stands. The ratios of sensible and latent heat increased over time in accordance with the rise in temperature at all cedar sites. They became large on a daily basis when air temperature and/or wind speed were high. Wind speed is dependent on morphology around each site that also dictated snowmelt.

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“…Ohta (1992) reported that albedo in a deciduous forest was about 5% lower than that at an open site, and Koike et al (1995) showed that a f was almost equal to that at an open site. The albedo at C285 was observed during the snowmelt season in 1995 (Nakabayashi et al, 1996) and was found to be about 20% lower than at O285.…”

Section: Albedomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The snowmelt intensity in a forest is smaller than that at an open site, mainly because of the decrease in net radiation (Ohta et al, 1990;Hashimoto et al, 1992). Net radiation consists of short-wave and long-wave components, and total irradiation to the forest¯oor varies depending on forest condition such as type of forest and growth phase of trees (Ohta, 1992;Nakabayashi et al, 1993;Koike et al, 1995). Solar radiation transmitted to the forest¯oor is decreased, and long-wave downward radiation is increased, compared with an open site, and this characterizes the radiation environment in a forest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiative characteristics in a Japanese forested drainage basin during snowmelt

1999

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Abstract:Radiative characteristics in a forested drainage basin during the snowmelt season were examined in order to better understand and predict snowmelt runo in the basin. A method for estimating net radiation in a forest (R nf ) was presented using the total sky view factor (P) and the sun path sky view factor (Q). Solar radiation, albedo, atmospheric radiation and air temperature observed at an open site were also required. The total and the sun path sky view factors were determined from all-sky photographs. Q was expressed as a linear function of P for 0 . 15 5 P 5 0 . 86 regardless of forest type. For P 5 0 . 15, Q was set to zero, and for P 4 0 . 86, Q was equal to unity. The short-wave radiation budget at the forest¯oor (S nf ) increased with P, whereas the long-wave radiation budget (L nf ) decreased with P. R nf increased with P for 0 . 15 5 P 5 0 . 86, and changed little with P for P 5 0 . 15 and P 4 0 . 86, as the increase in S nf was oset by the decrease in L nf . The forest eect on R nf was diminished under cloudy or high albedo conditions, because S nf was easily oset by L nf . This estimation method was extended to the whole basin, and R nf was obtained over a watershed covered by trees. At the beginning of the snowmelt season when the albedo remained high, the forest eect became null because the decrease in S nf was balanced by the increase in L nf . As the albedo gradually lowered with the advance of the snowmelt season, the decrease in S nf owing to forest covers exceeded the increase in L nf , and the forest eect to decrease R nf became evident.

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Comparative Study of Snow Surface Heat Budget under Varuous Forest Cover Conditions

Cited by 4 publications

References 5 publications

Variations in snowmelt energy and energy balance characteristics with larch forest density on Mt Iwate, Japan: observations and energy balance analyses

Variations in snowmelt energy and energy balance characteristics with larch forest density on Mt Iwate, Japan: observations and energy balance analyses

Difference in snowmelt processes between an opening and three Japanese cedar stands

Radiative characteristics in a Japanese forested drainage basin during snowmelt

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