Comparative study on breast milk of mothers delivering preterm and term infants — Protein, fat and lactose

Darwish, Abd El-Moneim Hassan; Dakroury, A. M.; El-Feel, Mohamed Sobhi; Nour, Nadia Maher

doi:10.1002/food.19890330306

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Changes in composition related to PNA indicate that there is a relationship with the lactational processes (for example of the mammary gland) initiated at the moment of birth. Like other studies, we found similar postnatal changes in protein (Atkinson et al 1978(Atkinson et al , 1980Gross et al 1980Gross et al , 1981Schanler & Oh, 1980;Anderson et al 1981;Lemons et al 1982Lemons et al , 1983Anderson et al 1983;Butte et al 1984;Lepage et al 1984;Darwish et al 1989;Dawodu et al 1990) and lactose content (Gross et al 1980;Anderson et al 1981;Gross et al 1981;Darwish et al 1989;Dawodu et al 1990). Similar postnatal changes are also seen in full-term milk (Atkinson et al 1978(Atkinson et al , 1980Gross et al 1980Gross et al , 1981Anderson et al 1981;Guerrini et al 1981;Hibberd et al 1982;Lemons et al 1982Lemons et al , 1983Anderson et al 1983;Butte et al 1984;Jain & Bijlani, 1989;Dawodu et al 1990; Table 3.…”

Section: Effect Of Postnatal Agesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The aim of our study was to get more insight into the patterns underlying the changes in nutrient concentration of preterm human milk, whereas other studies focused only on differences between milk obtained from mothers delivering their babies preterm v. term. In general, the statistical analysis of previous studies has been done on mean nutrient values of small numbers of mothers at different postnatal days (Schanler & Oh, 1980;Guerrini et al 1981;Anderson et al 1983;Lemons et al 1983;Lepage et al 1984;Darwish et al 1989;Dawodu et al 1990), thereby ignoring the considerable variability in milk volume and nutrient concentration which exists between and within individual mothers, particularly in preterm mothers (Gross et al 1981;Hibberd et al 1982;Anderson, 1984). To allow correction for intra-and inter-individual variations we collected longitudinal data from a total of seventy-nine mothers and used unbalanced repeated measurement analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human milk has long been recommended as the ideal nutrient source for full-term neonates, but there is still controversy concerning its suitability for the preterm infant (Lawrence, 1994). Most studies comparing the macronutrient composition of preterm human milk with full-term human milk found a difference in composition, with preterm milk having a higher N content and a higher nutritional value than full-term milk (Atkinson et al 1978(Atkinson et al , 1980Gross et al 1980Gross et al , 1981Schanler & Oh, 1980;Anderson et al 1981;Guerrini et al 1981;Lemons et al 1982Lemons et al , 1983Butte et al 1984;Lepage et al 1984;Darwish et al 1989;Dawodu et al 1990). These findings gave rise to the common consent that when a mother gives birth prematurely her milk is more suitable for her child than full-term milk.…”

Section: Human Milk: Preterm Infant: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of macronutrient composition of very preterm human milk

et al. 1998

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The effects of gestational age at delivery (GA), postnatal age (PNA) and post-menstrual age (PMA = PNA + GA, an indicator of autonomous developmental processes not affected by the moment of birth) on macronutrient composition of very preterm milk were studied. Total N, fat, lactose and carbohydrate concentrations, energy density and 24 h volume were determined in 282 24 h milk samples collected at weekly intervals (days 7-55 of lactation) from seventy-nine women delivering their babies between 25 and 29 weeks of gestation. GA related differences were found for carbohydrate concentration only: carbohydrate concentration was lower with increasing GA. PNA was related to a decrease in total N and an increase in lactose concentration. PMA was not related to milk composition. Our data indicate that PNA strongly influences the development of the composition of very preterm human milk, while GA affects carbohydrate content with a negligible effect on the nutritional value of the milk. We conclude that in accordance with current opinion in paediatrics, human milk is the best source of nutrients even for very preterm (Ͻ 30 weeks GA) infants.

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Section: Effect Of Postnatal Agesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Milk: Preterm Infant: Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of macronutrient composition of very preterm human milk

et al. 1998

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“…We have noted a reduced availability of free TRP and increased total TRP concentrations in preterm EBM. This broad trend is mirrored in the literature where preterm milk in comparison with term milk is associated with higher protein content in the early stages of the lactation cycle ( 27 – 32 ) . The increase in total TRP in preterm EBM in the present study reflects the portion that requires processing via digestion but probably contributes more substantially to circulating TRP availability on a longer timescale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health

et al. 2018

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Breast milk is the only source of the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP) in breast-fed infants. Low levels of TRP could have implications for infant neurodevelopment. The objectives of the present study were to compare the relationship of TRP and its neuroactive pathway metabolites kynurenine (Kyn) and kynurenic acid (KynA) in preterm and term expressed breast milk (EBM) in the first 14 d following birth, and the relationship of TRP metabolism to maternal stress and immune status. A total of twenty-four mothers were recruited from Cork University Maternity Hospital: twelve term (>38 weeks) and twelve preterm (<35 weeks). EBM samples were collected on days 7 and 14. Free TRP, Kyn and KynA were measured using HPLC, total TRP using MS, cytokines using the Meso Scale Discovery (MSD) assay system, and cortisol using a cortisol ELISA kit. Although total TRP was higher in preterm EBM in comparison with term EBM (P < 0·05), free TRP levels were lower (P < 0·05). Kyn, KynA and the Kyn:TRP ratio increased significantly in term EBM from day 7 to day 14 (P < 0·05), but not in preterm EBM. TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were higher in day 7 preterm and term EBM in comparison with day 14. There were no significant differences between term and preterm EBM cortisol levels. Increased availability of total TRP, lower levels of free TRP and alterations in the temporal dynamics of TRP metabolism in preterm compared with term EBM, coupled with higher EBM inflammatory markers on day 7, may have implications for the neurological development of exclusively breast-fed preterm infants.

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“…The reported mean total fat content of preterm milk collected in the first week postpartum from mothers of infants of GAs ranging from 26 to 37 weeks was 2.6 -3.1 g/100 mL (Anderson et al, 1981;Bitman et al, 1983;Darwish et al, 1989;Lemons et al, 1982;Sann et al, 1981). From 8 to 30 days postpartum, fat content in preterm milk ranged from 2.5 to 4.3 g/100 mL (Anderson et al, 1981;Bitman et al, 1983;Butte et al, 1984;Darwish et al, 1989;Lemons et al, 1982;Sann et al, 1981). The fat content of milk from mothers of term infants in the first month postpartum was 2.2-3.1 g/100 mL-similar to or less than that in preterm milk (Bitman et al, 1983;Darwish et al, 1989;Sann et al, 1981).…”

Section: Initiation and Progression Of Feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrient Requirements For Preterm Infant Formulas

Klein

2002

The Journal of Nutrition

328

231

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Achieving appropriate growth and nutrient accretion of preterm and low birth weight (LBW) infants is often difficult during hospitalization because of metabolic and gastrointestinal immaturity and other complicating medical conditions. Advances in the care of preterm-LBW infants, including improved nutrition, have reduced mortality rates for these infants from 9.6 to 6.2% from 1983 to 1997. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has responsibility for ensuring the safety and nutritional quality of infant formulas based on current scientific knowledge. Consequently, under FDA contract, an ad hoc Expert Panel was convened by the Life Sciences Research Office of the American Society for Nutritional Sciences to make recommendations for the nutrient content of formulas for preterm-LBW infants based on current scientific knowledge and expert opinion. Recommendations were developed from different criteria than that used for recommendations for term infant formula. To ensure nutrient adequacy, the Panel considered intrauterine accretion rate, organ development, factorial estimates of requirements, nutrient interactions and supplemental feeding studies. Consideration was also given to long-term developmental outcome. Some recommendations were based on current use in domestic preterm formula. Included were recommendations for nutrients not required in formula for term infants such as lactose and arginine. Recommendations, examples, and sample calculations were based on a 1000 g preterm infant consuming 120 kcal/kg and 150 mL/d of an 810 kcal/L formula. A summary of recommendations for energy and 45 nutrient components of enteral formulas for preterm-LBW infants are presented. Recommendations for five nutrient:nutrient ratios are also presented. In addition, critical areas for future research on the nutritional requirements specific for preterm-LBW infants are identified.

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Comparative study on breast milk of mothers delivering preterm and term infants — Protein, fat and lactose

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Development of macronutrient composition of very preterm human milk

Development of macronutrient composition of very preterm human milk

Tryptophan metabolic profile in term and preterm breast milk: implications for health

Nutrient Requirements For Preterm Infant Formulas

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