Comparative subcellular immunolocation of polypeptides associated with xylan and callose synthases in French bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) during secondary wall formation

Gregory, Abigail C. E.; Smith, Colin G.; Kerry, Maria E; Wheatley, E.R.; Bolwell, G. Paul

doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(01)00440-x

Cited by 36 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Our demonstration that the irx9 mutation leads to a decrease in the chain length of GX suggests that IRX9 encodes a xylan synthase responsible for adding b-xylosyl residues to the nascent GX. This hypothesis is consistent with our results indicating that IRX9 is highly expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall biogenesis and that IRX9 is localized in the Golgi, where GX synthesis occurs (Baydoun and Brett, 1997;Gregory et al, 2002). However, it is also possible, as we discussed previously (Zhong et al, 2005), that an inverting GT can catalyze the formation of an a-linkage when a b-linked substrate (such as glycosyl phospholipids) is used as the donor.…”

Section: Irx9 Is Essential For the Normal Elongation Of Gx Chainssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Sequence analysis using the TMHMM2.0 program (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/ services/tmhmm-2.0/) predicted that IRX8 and IRX9 are type II membrane proteins with a single transmembrane helix at the N terminus (data not shown). These results are consistent with a role of IRX8 and IRX9 in GX biosynthesis, which is known to occur in the Golgi (Gregory et al, 2002).…”

Section: Irx8 and Irx9 Are Targeted To The Golgisupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Xylosyltransferase and glucuronyltransferase activities have been detected in numerous plants Northcote, 1981a, 1981b;Waldron and Brett, 1983;Baydoun et al, 1989;Suzuki et al, 1991;Porchia and Scheller, 2000;Kuroyama and Tsumuraya, 2001;Gregory et al, 2002). However, none of the genes encoding these enzymes has been identified, nor have any of the enzymes been purified to homogeneity and biochemically characterized.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis irregular xylem8andirregular xylem9: Implications for the Complexity of Glucuronoxylan Biosynthesis

et al. 2007

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Mutations of Arabidopsis thaliana IRREGULAR XYLEM8 (IRX8) and IRX9 were previously shown to cause a collapsed xylem phenotype and decreases in xylose and cellulose in cell walls. In this study, we characterized IRX8 and IRX9 and performed chemical and structural analyses of glucuronoxylan (GX) from irx8 and irx9 plants. IRX8 and IRX9 are expressed specifically in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, and their encoded proteins are targeted to the Golgi, where GX is synthesized. 1 H-NMR spectroscopy showed that the reducing end of Arabidopsis GX contains the glycosyl sequence 4-b-D-, which was previously identified in birch (Betula verrucosa) and spruce (Picea abies) GX. This indicates that the reducing end structure of GXs is evolutionarily conserved in woody and herbaceous plants. This sequence is more abundant in irx9 GX than in the wild type, whereas irx8 and fragile fiber8 (fra8) plants are nearly devoid of it. The number of GX chains increased and the GX chain length decreased in irx9 plants. Conversely, the number of GX chains decreased and the chain length heterodispersity increased in irx8 and fra8 plants. Our results suggest that IRX9 is required for normal GX elongation and indicate roles for IRX8 and FRA8 in the synthesis of the glycosyl sequence at the GX reducing end.

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Section: Irx9 Is Essential For the Normal Elongation Of Gx Chainssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Irx8 and Irx9 Are Targeted To The Golgisupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Arabidopsis irregular xylem8andirregular xylem9: Implications for the Complexity of Glucuronoxylan Biosynthesis

et al. 2007

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“…These results strongly suggest that FRA8 most likely participates in xylan synthesis since it is known that noncellulosic polysaccharides are synthesized in Golgi (Levy and Staehelin, 1992). This is consistent with previous observations that a xylan synthase-associated polypeptide is specifically localized in the Golgi apparatus in xylem cells of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) (Gregory et al, 2002).…”

Section: The Fra8 Gt Is Essential For Secondary Wall Synthesissupporting

confidence: 92%

Arabidopsis Fragile Fiber8, Which Encodes a Putative Glucuronyltransferase, Is Essential for Normal Secondary Wall Synthesis

et al. 2005

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“…Early biochemical studies revealed the activities of xylosyltransferases, glucuronosyltransferases, arabinosyltransferases, methyltransferases, and acetyltransferases that are likely involved in the biosynthesis of xylan (Baydoun et al, 1983(Baydoun et al, , 1989Kuroyama and Tsumuraya, 2001;Gregory et al, 2002;Porchia et al, 2002;Urahara et al, 2004;Zeng et al, 2008). However, none of the genes corresponding to these xylan biosynthetic enzymes have been identified.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis Family GT43 Glycosyltransferases Form Two Functionally Nonredundant Groups Essential for the Elongation of Glucuronoxylan Backbone

et al. 2010

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There exist four members of family GT43 glycosyltransferases in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome, and mutations of two of them, IRX9 and IRX14, have previously been shown to cause a defect in glucuronoxylan (GX) biosynthesis. However, it is currently unknown whether IRX9 and IRX14 perform the same biochemical function and whether the other two GT43 members are also involved in GX biosynthesis. In this report, we performed comprehensive genetic analysis of the functional roles of the four Arabidopsis GT43 members in GX biosynthesis. The I9H (IRX9 homolog) and I14H (IRX14 homolog) genes were shown to be specifically expressed in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, and their encoded proteins were targeted to the Golgi, where GX is synthesized. Overexpression of I9H but not IRX14 or I14H rescued the GX defects conferred by the irx9 mutation, whereas overexpression of I14H but not IRX9 or I9H complemented the GX defects caused by the irx14 mutation. Double mutant analyses revealed that I9H functioned redundantly with IRX9 and that I14H was redundant with IRX14 in their functions. In addition, double mutations of IRX9 and IRX14 were shown to cause a loss of secondary wall thickening in fibers and a much more severe reduction in GX amount than their single mutants. Together, these results provide genetic evidence demonstrating that all four Arabidopsis GT43 members are involved in GX biosynthesis and suggest that they form two functionally nonredundant groups essential for the normal elongation of GX backbone.

show abstract

Comparative subcellular immunolocation of polypeptides associated with xylan and callose synthases in French bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) during secondary wall formation

Cited by 36 publications

References 42 publications

Arabidopsis irregular xylem8andirregular xylem9: Implications for the Complexity of Glucuronoxylan Biosynthesis

Arabidopsis irregular xylem8andirregular xylem9: Implications for the Complexity of Glucuronoxylan Biosynthesis

Arabidopsis Fragile Fiber8, Which Encodes a Putative Glucuronyltransferase, Is Essential for Normal Secondary Wall Synthesis

The Arabidopsis Family GT43 Glycosyltransferases Form Two Functionally Nonredundant Groups Essential for the Elongation of Glucuronoxylan Backbone

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