Comparative Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Three Disinfectants

Abstract

In separate subchronic toxicity studies, male and female Sprague–Dawley rats received various dosages of chlorine, monochloramine, or chlorine dioxide in their drinking water for 90 consecutive days. None of the disinfectants caused premature death at any of the concentrations used. The highest dose of chlorine tested (250 mg/L) was concluded to be a no observable adverse effect level. At 200 mg/L (the lowest observable adverse effect level), monochloramine produced decreased body and organ weights in both sexes and a small decrease in red blood cell count and serum calcium in males. Chlorine dioxide produced dosage‐related decreases in body and organ weight at concentrations as low as 25 mg/L, but its most significant toxic effect was the induction, at all concentrations, of nasal lesions.

Suppression of chlorate degradation in longan plantation soil after multiple applications of chlorate and accelerated degradation by sugar amendment

“…Water pollution caused by chlorate (Cl0 3 -) is a cause for concern because of chlorate toxicity to biota including humans (Condie 1986;Daniel et al 1990;van Wijk and Hutchinson 1995). In the Iongan plantation fields in northern Thailand, potassium chlorate (KC10 3 ) has been applied to soil as an active substance for flower induction, which enables off-season production of Iongan fruits (Manochai et al 1999(Manochai et al , 2001).…”

Relações entre saneamento, saúde pública e meio ambiente: elementos para formulação de um modelo de planejamento em saneamento

“…Segundo Daniel et al (1990), os riscos relacionados ao processo de cloração, substância química mais empregada no processo de tratamento da água, estão associados muito mais aos seus subprodutos (p.e. trialometanos) do que aos agentes utilizados.…”

Determination of Chlorite in Drinking Water Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Amperometric Detection

“…Chlorine dioxide is used as an industrial bleaching agent in the paper industry and as an oxidant, odor controller and disinfectant agent in the treatment of drinking water [21,22]. Chlorine dioxide decomposes to form chlorite and chlorate, both of which have been subjected to a number of reproductive and development, as well as toxicity studies [21,23].…”

“…Chlorine dioxide decomposes to form chlorite and chlorate, both of which have been subjected to a number of reproductive and development, as well as toxicity studies [21,23]. Exposure to low levels of chlorite resulted in hemolytic anemia in laboratory animals [23].…”